Amino acid: An organic molecule characterized by the presence of an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side chain (R group) attached to a central carbon atom (α-carbon). The side chain varies among different amino acids, giving each one unique chemical properties. These molecules serve as the fundamental building blocks of proteins.
Peptide bond: A covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (-NH₂) of another amino acid. This bond is created through a condensation reaction, meaning a molecule of water (H₂O) is released during the process. The resulting linkage is called a peptide bond, which links amino acids in a chain to form polypeptides and proteins.
Essential amino acids: These are amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize on its own. As a result, they must be obtained through dietary sources. The inability of the body to produce these amino acids makes their intake vital for proper protein synthesis and overall health.
1. What type of chemical bond is formed between amino acids in a peptide bond, and how is it created?
2. What is an enzyme primarily characterized as?
3. How does the primary structure of a protein influence its overall stability and function?
Amino acids — definition?
Organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups.
Peptide bond — formation?
Covalent bond between amino acids via dehydration synthesis.
Protein properties — roles?
Catalysis, support, transport, regulation.
Protein levels — order?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
Fibrous proteins — example?
Collagen and keratin, structural support.
Globular proteins — example?
Hemoglobin and enzymes, soluble and functional.
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