Animal models — purpose?
Study neural circuits in vivo.
Transgenic animals — role?
Enable targeted genetic manipulation.
DNA recombinase — example?
Cre-lox system.
Viral vectors — advantage?
Targeted gene delivery in specific neurons.
Optogenetics — mechanism?
Control neurons with light-sensitive proteins.
Chemogenetics — method?
Use ligand-activated receptors to modulate activity.
Electrophysiology — technique?
Record neural activity via electrical signals.
Calcium during AP — influx?
Occurs during repolarization phase.
GECIs — purpose?
Fluorescently report calcium levels.
Single-photon microscopy — depth?
Limited to ~200 micrometers.
Two-photon microscopy — advantage?
Deeper imaging up to 1 mm.
Jablonski diagram — shows?
Excitation and emission processes.
Excitation wavelength — in two-photon?
Near-infrared, longer wavelengths.
Scattering — effect?
Limits resolution and depth in optical imaging.
Microendoscopes — use?
Access deep brain regions for imaging.
GRIN lenses — function?
Optical access to deep structures.
Calcium indicator variants — example?
GCaMP6s (slow), GCaMP6f (fast).
Optical imaging — limitation?
Trade-off between depth, resolution, and complexity.
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1. What is the primary purpose of using laboratory animal models in neural circuit studies?
2. What is the primary function of DNA recombinase systems such as Cre-lox in genetic manipulation?
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