Fiche de révision : Introduction au vocabulaire juridique et financier anglais

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Lecture et prononciation des chiffres et nombres en anglais financier
2. Vocabulaire général du droit des sociétés et types d'entreprises
3. Termes monétaires et bancaires courants en anglais
4. Vocabulaire anglais des réunions d'entreprise et prise de décisions
5. Terminologie contractuelle et clauses spécifiques en droit commercial
6. Rédaction de documents juridiques et vocabulaire latin en anglais juridique
7. Procédures judiciaires : réclamations, injonctions et rôles des avocats
8. Vocabulaire anglais des actions en justice, décisions et preuves
9. Vocabulaire anglais des procédures pénales et mesures de détention
10. Types de contrats commerciaux : accords d'agence et de distribution
11. Rôle et fonctions des banques centrales et types d'institutions financières
12. Expressions anglaises courantes liées aux procédures et décisions d'entreprise

📖 1. Lecture et prononciation des chiffres et nombres en anglais financier

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• **6 → ten minus four equals six

• 10 x 4** : Les opérations mathématiques en anglais financier s'expriment avec les termes classiques tels que 'plus', 'minus', 'times', et 'divided by', par exemple 'ten minus four equals six' pour 10 - 4 = 6.

• **Sole trader

• 1. partnership (please note** : Une forme d'entreprise individuelle où une seule personne possède et gère l'entreprise.

• Capital ( : Les fonds ou ressources financières investis ou disponibles pour une entreprise, incluant le capital-actions autorisé.

📝 Points essentiels

• Les numéros de téléphone se lisent en groupes de chiffres, avec 'double' pour les répétitions, par exemple 777 65 42 se lit 'seven double seven, six five, four two'.
• Les scores sportifs ont des lectures spécifiques, par exemple 5-0 se lit 'five nil'.

💡 À retenir

Maîtriser la lecture précise des chiffres et nombres en contexte financier est essentiel pour comprendre et communiquer efficacement en anglais financier.

📖 2. Vocabulaire général du droit des sociétés et types d'entreprises

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Goodwill ( : An intangible asset representing the value linked to a company's reputation or image on the market.
• Of Association : The French term for 'of Association,' referring to the memorandum of association document in company law.
• Individual proprietorship : A business structure where an individual owns and operates the enterprise, known as a 'sole trader' in English.
• Limited liability company : A company structure where members' liability is limited to the amount they have invested or guaranteed, translated as 'limited liability company' in English.

📝 Points essentiels

• Les notions d'actifs (assets) et passifs (liabilities) sont fondamentales en droit des sociétés.
• Une entreprise individuelle est appelée 'sole trader' en anglais
• La société à responsabilité limitée se traduit par 'limited liability company'
• Le 'Memorandum of Association' (GB) équivaut au 'Certificate of Incorporation' (US)
• Le prospectus est un document publié avant investissement pour informer sur la société

💡 À retenir

Comprendre les types d'entreprises et leur vocabulaire juridique est fondamental pour naviguer dans le droit des sociétés en anglais.

📖 3. Termes monétaires et bancaires courants en anglais

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Treasury bill : Titre de créance à court terme émis par le gouvernement, généralement utilisé pour financer la dette publique ou gérer la trésorerie. Il s’agit d’un instrument financier liquide, souvent vendu à un prix inférieur à sa valeur nominale, avec une échéance courte.

• Central Bank : Institution monétaire qui gère la politique monétaire d’un pays ou d’une zone monétaire. Elle contrôle la masse monétaire, fixe les taux d’intérêt et émet les billets et pièces de monnaie. Elle joue un rôle clé dans la stabilité économique.

• Universal banks : Banques qui combinent des activités bancaires classiques (prêts, dépôts) avec des opérations sur actions et obligations. Elles exercent une gamme étendue de services financiers, intégrant banque de détail et banque d’investissement.

• Base rate : Taux d’intérêt de référence fixé par la banque centrale, utilisé comme indicateur pour déterminer le coût des emprunts et des crédits. Il influence l’ensemble de l’économie en modulant la politique monétaire.

📝 Points essentiels

• Les public monies désignent les fonds publics, c’est-à-dire l’ensemble des ressources financières gérées par l’État ou les collectivités publiques. La eurocurrency correspond à une devise déposée dans une banque située hors de son pays d’origine, permettant des opérations financières internationales sans intervention directe des autorités nationales.

• Un treasury bill est un titre de créance à court terme émis par le gouvernement, servant à financer ses besoins de liquidité. Les banques centrales ont des rôles fondamentaux : elles émettent la monnaie, fixent les taux d’intérêt, et régulent la masse monétaire pour assurer la stabilité économique.

• Les banques universelles combinent activités classiques de banque (prêts, dépôts) avec des opérations sur actions et obligations, offrant une gamme complète de services financiers. La fixation du base rate par la banque centrale influence directement le coût du crédit dans l’économie.

💡 À retenir

Le vocabulaire monétaire et bancaire en anglais met en lumière les instruments et fonctions essentiels du système financier, notamment la gestion de la liquidité, la régulation par la banque centrale, et la diversité des activités bancaires modernes.

📖 4. Vocabulaire anglais des réunions d'entreprise et prise de décisions

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Accordingly : Adverb used to indicate a consequence or result, often placed at the beginning or end of a sentence to link an action to its outcome.
• Bushell v Faith clause : A legal provision granting a director who is also a shareholder three votes per share instead of one, thereby strengthening their voting power.
• Enhanced voting rights : Voting privileges that increase the influence of certain shareholders, which can complicate the implementation of decisions.
• Ordinary resolution : A resolution passed by a simple majority, requiring more than 50% of votes cast, typically with a 14-day notice before the meeting.
• Rates → encourage people : Lower rates → encourage people to spend more (but this leads to inflation) Higher rates → encourage people to save their money.

📝 Points essentiels

• Un quorum est le nombre minimum de membres requis pour qu'une assemblée puisse délibérer valablement.
• Les décisions en réunion sont prises sous forme de 'resolutions', qui sont des sujets soumis au vote.
• La clause Bushell v Faith attribue trois votes par action à certains directeurs, renforçant leurs droits de vote.
• Une 'ordinary resolution' est une résolution ordinaire nécessitant une majorité simple pour être adoptée.
• 26 65
• The business partner found against the action taken → L'associé a statué contre la mesure prise
• To convene/call a meeting → Convoquer une réunion / Tenir une réunion
• A quorum → Un quorum (le nombre minimum de membres requis pour qu'une assemblée puisse délibérer valablement)
• A vote taken on a show of hands → Un vote à main levée
• This meeting addressed general managerial decisions → Cette réunion a traité des décisions générales de gestion
• The agreement shall be in effect until further order → L'accord restera en vigueur jusqu'à nouvel ordre 02.

💡 À retenir

Le vocabulaire des réunions d'entreprise en anglais révèle les mécanismes de prise de décision et les droits spécifiques des actionnaires.

📖 5. Terminologie contractuelle et clauses spécifiques en droit commercial

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Fixed-term contract : Un contrat à durée déterminée qui précise une période d'exécution fixe et qui expire à la fin de cette période.
• Without prejudice discussion : Une discussion confidentielle qui ne peut être utilisée en justice et qui ne porte pas atteinte aux droits ou arguments des parties.

📝 Points essentiels

• La clause de non-concurrence interdit certaines activités concurrentes.
• Un contrat à durée déterminée est un 'fixed-term contract', un contrat à durée indéterminée est 'open-ended'.
• Une discussion 'without prejudice' est confidentielle et ne peut être utilisée en justice.

💡 À retenir

La maîtrise des termes contractuels anglais est cruciale pour rédiger et comprendre les contrats commerciaux.

📖 6. Rédaction de documents juridiques et vocabulaire latin en anglais juridique

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Ejusdem generis rule : Une règle d'interprétation qui limite la portée des termes généraux en les restreignant aux mêmes catégories que les termes spécifiques qui les précèdent.
• Prima facie : Une présomption suffisante qui est considérée comme valable jusqu'à preuve du contraire.

📝 Points essentiels

• La règle 'ejusdem generis' limite l'interprétation des termes généraux suivant des termes spécifiques.
• 'Prima facie' signifie une présomption suffisante jusqu'à preuve du contraire.
• 'Pari passu' indique un traitement égal entre créanciers ou parties.
• Un 'affidavit' est une déclaration sous serment.
• 'Quantum' désigne le montant ou la quantité déterminée, notamment en dommages-intérêts.

💡 À retenir

Le vocabulaire latin enrichit la rédaction juridique anglaise en apportant précision et tradition dans les documents.

📖 7. Procédures judiciaires : réclamations, injonctions et rôles des avocats

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Partnership (please note : Une forme d'association commerciale où deux ou plusieurs personnes ou entités s'engagent ensemble dans une activité commune.
• Claim form : Le formulaire initial utilisé pour engager une action en justice, permettant au demandeur de présenter ses revendications.
• Injunction order : Une ordonnance judiciaire d'injonction émise en situation d'urgence, généralement après épuisement des autres voies de recours, pour ordonner ou interdire une action spécifique.
• Contempt of court : Le non-respect d'une ordonnance judiciaire ou tout comportement perturbateur envers le tribunal, passible de poursuites.
• Which means : Expression utilisée pour préciser ou expliquer une notion ou un terme en lien avec le contexte juridique.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le 'claim form' est le document de départ pour engager une procédure judiciaire.
• Une 'injunction order' est une ordonnance d'injonction émise en urgence, souvent après épuisement des autres voies de recours.

💡 À retenir

Le 'claim form' est le document de départ pour engager une procédure judiciaire.

📖 8. Vocabulaire anglais des actions en justice, décisions et preuves

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Landmark decision : Une décision judiciaire qui établit un précédent juridique important, utilisé comme référence dans les cas futurs.
• Legally binding clause : Une clause d'un contrat ou d'un accord qui crée une obligation juridique contraignante pour les parties concernées.
• Cross-examine : L'interrogatoire contradictoire d'un témoin par la partie adverse lors d'un procès, visant à tester la crédibilité ou la véracité de ses déclarations.
• Punitive damages : Des dommages-intérêts accordés par un tribunal pour sanctionner un comportement fautif ou délibéré, au-delà de la simple réparation du préjudice subi.

📝 Points essentiels

• Une 'landmark decision' établit un précédent juridique important qui influence la jurisprudence future.
• Une 'landmark decision' établit un précédent juridique important

💡 À retenir

Le vocabulaire des actions en justice en anglais met l'accent sur la preuve, la décision et leurs implications juridiques.

📖 9. Vocabulaire anglais des procédures pénales et mesures de détention

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• will have : expression indiquant qu'une personne ou une entité est destinée ou obligée d'accomplir une action ou de posséder quelque chose dans le futur, selon le contexte juridique ou procédural.
• will have to provide : obligation future de fournir ou de remettre quelque chose, souvent un document ou une preuve, dans le cadre d'une procédure judiciaire ou administrative.
• they have : indique la possession ou la situation actuelle d'un groupe ou d'individus, notamment en lien avec leur statut ou leurs droits dans une procédure.
• have to provide : obligation immédiate ou future de fournir quelque chose, généralement imposée par la loi ou une décision judiciaire.

📝 Points essentiels

• Être 'on bail' signifie être libéré sous caution en attendant le procès, ce qui implique que la personne est temporairement en liberté sous condition de paiement ou de garanties, en attendant la tenue du jugement.
• Être 'on trial' correspond à la situation où une personne est jugée par un tribunal, c'est-à-dire qu'elle est en cours de procédure judiciaire pour déterminer sa culpabilité ou innocence.
• La 'probation' désigne une période de mise à l'épreuve durant laquelle un délinquant doit respecter certaines conditions pour éviter l'emprisonnement ; cette période sert à surveiller le comportement du condamné tout en lui permettant de rester en liberté.
• Être 'in custody' signifie être détenu en prison, que ce soit avant ou pendant le procès, ou encore en attente d'une décision judiciaire ; cela inclut aussi la détention provisoire.
• 'Summon a witness' implique la convocation d’un témoin à comparaître devant un tribunal, c’est-à-dire que le tribunal demande officiellement à un individu de se présenter pour témoigner dans une affaire en cours.

💡 À retenir

Le vocabulaire pénal anglais précise les statuts et procédures liés à la détention et au procès, en distinguant clairement les différentes phases et obligations, telles que la mise en liberté sous caution, la détention provisoire ou la convocation de témoins.

📖 10. Types de contrats commerciaux : accords d'agence et de distribution

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Stock) : A type of security that represents ownership in a company and constitutes a claim on part of the company’s assets and earnings.
• Collapse : A sudden and significant decrease or failure, often used to describe a sharp fall in market prices or values.
• Steep : An adjective describing a pronounced, sharp, or abrupt change, such as a rapid increase or decrease in a graph or trend.
• Agency agreement : A contract by which a principal authorizes an agent to sell and promote goods on its behalf, with the agent receiving a commission and obliged to maintain confidentiality and provide sales feedback.

📝 Points essentiels

• Un 'agency agreement' autorise un agent à vendre et promouvoir des biens pour un principal
• L'agent reçoit une commission et doit respecter la confidentialité et fournir des rapports

💡 À retenir

Commercial contracts in English clearly define roles and obligations within agency and distribution relationships.

📖 11. Rôle et fonctions des banques centrales et types d'institutions financières

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Lender of last resort : Une institution, généralement la banque centrale, qui fournit des liquidités aux banques commerciales en difficulté pour éviter une crise de liquidité.
• Finance houses : Des institutions financières qui accordent des crédits, souvent basés sur des contrats de location-vente ou de crédit-bail.
• Commercial banks : Trade in or lend money, receive and hold deposits in current and savings account, offer advice, provide foreign currencies.
• Merchants banks : Provide strategic or financial advice to companies exclusively.

📝 Points essentiels

• La 'reserve requirement' est le montant d'actifs liquides que les banques doivent détenir, ajustable par la banque centrale.
• Les 'finance houses' accordent des crédits souvent basés sur des contrats de location-vente.
• Les 'merchants banks' sont spécialisées dans les services financiers aux entreprises.

💡 À retenir

Les 'finance houses' accordent des crédits souvent basés sur des contrats de location-vente.

📖 12. Expressions anglaises courantes liées aux procédures et décisions d'entreprise

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• To lodge a claim : Déposer une réclamation auprès d’un tribunal, c’est faire une demande officielle pour faire valoir un droit ou demander réparation.
• To negotiate a settlement : Négocier un accord amiable, c’est discuter pour parvenir à un compromis ou une solution consensuelle sans passer par une procédure judiciaire.
• To enforce a decision : Faire appliquer une décision judiciaire ou administrative, c’est prendre les mesures nécessaires pour que la décision soit respectée et exécutée.

📝 Points essentiels

• Convoquer une réunion signifie « to convene a meeting », c’est l’action de convoquer officiellement une réunion.
• Déposer une réclamation, ou « to lodge a claim », consiste à soumettre une demande formelle auprès d’un tribunal pour faire valoir ses droits ou obtenir réparation.
• Négocier un accord amiable, « to negotiate a settlement », implique des discussions entre parties pour résoudre un litige sans recours à une procédure judiciaire.
• Rédiger un document juridique, « to draft a document », désigne l’action de préparer ou rédiger un document officiel ou contractuel.
• Faire appliquer une décision, « to enforce a decision », signifie mettre en œuvre une décision judiciaire ou administrative pour assurer son respect.

💡 À retenir

Les expressions courantes en anglais des affaires facilitent la communication autour des procédures et décisions en entreprise, notamment lors de la gestion des litiges, des réunions ou de l’application des décisions judiciaires.

🧩 Compléments de couverture

1. Détail source à réviser : 02.05.26 2 Teaching aid – Financial matters B. Ranc INTRODUCTION • This document is a teaching aid with the view to helping you: ● discuss financial matters, ● read the financial press, ● consult financial documents, ● g (Source: "02.05.26 2 Teaching aid – Financial matters B. Ranc INTRODUCTION • This document is a teaching aid with the view to helping you: ● discuss financial matters, ● read the financial press, ● consult financial documents, ● give you the words and terminology you need, ● revise terms or phrases you have already encountered (to recycle them or verify their")
2. Détail source à réviser : 1104 → the year eleven oh four • 0.56 → point five six (after the decimal, read figures one after the other) • 0 → zero 02.05.26 6 • (football scores) Spain won 5-0 (tennis scores) 15-0 → Spain won five–nil / fifteen–lov (Source: "1104 → the year eleven oh four • 0.56 → point five six (after the decimal, read figures one after the other) • 0 → zero 02.05.26 6 • (football scores) Spain won 5-0 (tennis scores) 15-0 → Spain won five–nil / fifteen–love • 15,083 → fifteen thousand and eighty-three • 15.083 → fifteen point oh eight three • 10.66 → ten point six six • (with")
3. Détail source à réviser : four equals two point five • 6 p.a. → six per annum • (x-y)/z → x minus y, all over z • x-y/z → x minus y over z • There are 1.6 euros to the pound → there are one point six euros to the pound 02.05.26 9 Section 2 Accoun (Source: "four equals two point five • 6 p.a. → six per annum • (x-y)/z → x minus y, all over z • x-y/z → x minus y over z • There are 1.6 euros to the pound → there are one point six euros to the pound 02.05.26 9 Section 2 Accounting terms Section 2 Accounting terms Section 2 Accounting Terms 02.05.26 10 2.1 – Company Law – General vocabulary General vocab. of ex.1")
4. Détail source à réviser : enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations • 7. creditors • 8. shares • 9. prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partne (Source: "enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations • 7. creditors • 8. shares • 9. prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations • 7. creditors • 8. shares • 9. prospectus •")
5. Détail source à réviser : • 15. files (to file a fin. statement : transmettre un état fin.) • an off-the-shelf company : une société pré-constituée/clé en main • a resale : une revente 02.05.26 13 2.2 – Bookkeeping Vocabulary General vocab. of ex (Source: "• 15. files (to file a fin. statement : transmettre un état fin.) • an off-the-shelf company : une société pré-constituée/clé en main • a resale : une revente 02.05.26 13 2.2 – Bookkeeping Vocabulary General vocab. of ex.1 book(-)keeping/book(-)keepers La tenue des comptes, des registres/un comptable to record/a record Enregister, consigner/un rapport an")
6. Détail source à réviser : or measure the success of some of the orientations taken. • Cost accountants have to work out the cost of each item produced by the company; they also have to allocate the company overheads to the different products... • (Source: "or measure the success of some of the orientations taken. • Cost accountants have to work out the cost of each item produced by the company; they also have to allocate the company overheads to the different products... • Bookkeepers, (comptables) by contrast, have a more limited role. Their main task mostly consists in writing down credits and debits and")
7. Détail source à réviser : follow to present 'a true and fair view' of a company's finances are the following: 1. The separate entity or accounting entity assumption: the company is an accounting unit separate from its owners, creditors, etc... It (Source: "follow to present 'a true and fair view' of a company's finances are the following: 1. The separate entity or accounting entity assumption: the company is an accounting unit separate from its owners, creditors, etc... Its legal status is that of an 'artificial person’. 2. The continuity or going-concern assumption: it is assumed that the company will")
8. Détail source à réviser : are made to reflect fluctuations in the market. 6. The revenue of realization principle: the company’s revenues are recognized when the service or product is considered delivered to the customer – not when the cash is re (Source: "are made to reflect fluctuations in the market. 6. The revenue of realization principle: the company’s revenues are recognized when the service or product is considered delivered to the customer – not when the cash is received. (installments) 02.05.26 17 The other elements or less important principles to bear in mind are: ➢ 'The matching principle':")
9. Détail source à réviser : assets (a.k.a: current asset/circulating asset): asset that is continually changing in quantity and/or value, and which refers to the amount of accounts receivable (accounts receivable [AR] = créances clients; the client (Source: "assets (a.k.a: current asset/circulating asset): asset that is continually changing in quantity and/or value, and which refers to the amount of accounts receivable (accounts receivable [AR] = créances clients; the client here is a debtor (= débiteur) and the company the creditor (= créancier/créditeur). • However, this category also more generally")
10. Détail source à réviser : 4. Wasting assets: items that have limited life spans and that irreversibly decline in value over time (ex : the company's machinery or vehicles...) 5. Available assets (a.k.a: liquid assets): capital that can quickly be (Source: "4. Wasting assets: items that have limited life spans and that irreversibly decline in value over time (ex : the company's machinery or vehicles...) 5. Available assets (a.k.a: liquid assets): capital that can quickly be turned into cash. 6. Liquid assets ( = liquidité) asset that can be converted into cash quickly (casg, inventory, accounts receivable)")
11. Détail source à réviser : is anticipated as that of the item's useful life. • The straight line method, for instance, considers the amount of all these costs and distributes them evenly by charging an equal sum each year. • Converting an asset in (Source: "is anticipated as that of the item's useful life. • The straight line method, for instance, considers the amount of all these costs and distributes them evenly by charging an equal sum each year. • Converting an asset into an expense is referred to as depreciation. • Some legislations allow accelerated depreciation to encourage investment. In this")
12. Détail source à réviser : (un ensemble de ressource) • They channelled the budget into an education project. • Our funding sources have dried up. (réduire) • A successful economy is supposed to trickle its wealth down to the poor. (redistribuer) (Source: "(un ensemble de ressource) • They channelled the budget into an education project. • Our funding sources have dried up. (réduire) • A successful economy is supposed to trickle its wealth down to the poor. (redistribuer) • The property market is awash with laundered money resulting from drug traffic. (envahie d’argent blanchi/sale) 02.05.26 26 • We have")
13. Détail source à réviser : used to finance new projects, repay debts, saving[s]…). → The balance sheet (=bilan): shows the financial situation of a company on a particular date ➢ assets (its cash investments, fixed assets, sums due by debtors...) (Source: "used to finance new projects, repay debts, saving[s]…). → The balance sheet (=bilan): shows the financial situation of a company on a particular date ➢ assets (its cash investments, fixed assets, sums due by debtors...) ➢ liabilities (taxes, debts, interest rates and mortgage payments due to creditors ➢ shareholders’ equity (= catitaux propres). → The")
14. Détail source à réviser : in asset… In a bonanza year, its trading profits will be high, in a lean year, it will face up to trading losses • Once issued, shares are, first, sold at a market price, on a primary market. They then constitute the sha (Source: "in asset… In a bonanza year, its trading profits will be high, in a lean year, it will face up to trading losses • Once issued, shares are, first, sold at a market price, on a primary market. They then constitute the share capital of the company. • Shares can sometimes be sold above the nominal price (when there is a share premium, for instance). The price")
15. Détail source à réviser : 2. To go into receivership: être mis sous séquestre 3. to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4. a receiver: un administrateur judiciaire 5. a corporation (US): une société 6. to do business: faire des affaires (Source: "2. To go into receivership: être mis sous séquestre 3. to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4. a receiver: un administrateur judiciaire 5. a corporation (US): une société 6. to do business: faire des affaires 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8. a Licensed Insolvency Practitioner (LIP): 9. the Office of Superintendent of")
16. Détail source à réviser : administration, and decisions. Its agenda should mention the date, place and number of shareholders present and can be detailed this way: 1. Welcome by chairperson 2. Apologies for absence 3. Confirmation of the minutes (Source: "administration, and decisions. Its agenda should mention the date, place and number of shareholders present and can be detailed this way: 1. Welcome by chairperson 2. Apologies for absence 3. Confirmation of the minutes of the previous AGM 4. Business arising from the minutes 5. Chairperson's report 6. Treasurer's report and presentation of the audited")
17. Détail source à réviser : parts, you pay in... → • The sum which is given back to you if you paid too much taxes is... → • A person's money in a business is known as a... → • When an economic player receives funds to boost its sector of activity, (Source: "parts, you pay in... → • The sum which is given back to you if you paid too much taxes is... → • A person's money in a business is known as a... → • When an economic player receives funds to boost its sector of activity, it is a... → • Owning means... but owing refers to... → 02.05.26 36 • The contrary of 'borrowing' is... → • When you take out a loan from")
18. Détail source à réviser : (or euro currency) is: • He earnt 60 grand means… • A micro-credit is… 02.05.26 40 The role of central banks is to: 1. Issue coins and banknotes of all dénomination 2. Set interest rates: ➢Low rates encourage individual (Source: "(or euro currency) is: • He earnt 60 grand means… • A micro-credit is… 02.05.26 40 The role of central banks is to: 1. Issue coins and banknotes of all dénomination 2. Set interest rates: ➢Low rates encourage individual and businesses to take out loans ➢Higher rates: make borrowing more expensive, reducing demands for loans 3. Regulate the money supply")
19. Détail source à réviser : provide foreign currencies... • Universal banks – combine these with share and bond dealing. • Finance houses – institutions also advancing credit, often on the basis of a lease or hire-purchase agreement (=contrat de lo (Source: "provide foreign currencies... • Universal banks – combine these with share and bond dealing. • Finance houses – institutions also advancing credit, often on the basis of a lease or hire-purchase agreement (=contrat de location-vente)(Ex: Opel Bank SA). • Merchants banks – provide strategic or financial advice to companies exclusively. • Investment banks")
20. Détail source à réviser : An overdrawn account → Un compte à découvert • To redeem a bond maturity → Rembourser une obligation à l'échéance • Stockbroking consists in... → Le courtage consiste en... • To underwrite securities → Souscrire des titr (Source: "An overdrawn account → Un compte à découvert • To redeem a bond maturity → Rembourser une obligation à l'échéance • Stockbroking consists in... → Le courtage consiste en... • To underwrite securities → Souscrire des titres • A mortgage is: • To take out a supplementary pension plan (=a private pension plan) or a life insurance → Souscrire une retraite")
21. Détail source à réviser : 3.5 – Interest rates 02.05.26 46 The interest rate is calculated considering a range of factors: the cost of deposits, administrative fees, the bank's level of profitability during the latest financial exercise, and even (Source: "3.5 – Interest rates 02.05.26 46 The interest rate is calculated considering a range of factors: the cost of deposits, administrative fees, the bank's level of profitability during the latest financial exercise, and even the solvency. • The interest rate can be fixed, floating, or negotiated with a cap (or ceiling) (= an upper limit is established) and")
22. Détail source à réviser : to consider • A currency peg is... • The International Clearing System is… • Letters of credit are… 3.6 Economic considerations - General vocabulary 02.05.26 48 5 – Financial Terms 02.05.26 5.1 The Financial Market Gener (Source: "to consider • A currency peg is... • The International Clearing System is… • Letters of credit are… 3.6 Economic considerations - General vocabulary 02.05.26 48 5 – Financial Terms 02.05.26 5.1 The Financial Market General Principles and Vocabulary A share (GB)/a stock (US) Une part To float a company Introduire une société en bourse Is the quotation the")
23. Détail source à réviser : known as… → • A company can reduce the amount of its capital by… → buying back its own shares from the market or by canceling shares it already holds 51 The Animal Farm… • Bulls are… • A bull market • A bullish market • (Source: "known as… → • A company can reduce the amount of its capital by… → buying back its own shares from the market or by canceling shares it already holds 51 The Animal Farm… • Bulls are… • A bull market • A bullish market • Bears are… → • To bear the market… → • A bear market/a bearish market • Stags are… → • To be oversubscribed (for a share) means…→ •")
24. Détail source à réviser : a peak • to mark out: to increase • to fluctuate: to experience ups dans downs/to vary • to stagnate: to remain stable • to level out/off: to get steady • to be level with: to be on the same level as… • To stabilize • To (Source: "a peak • to mark out: to increase • to fluctuate: to experience ups dans downs/to vary • to stagnate: to remain stable • to level out/off: to get steady • to be level with: to be on the same level as… • To stabilize • To remain stable/steady Please note: to increase/decrease by 45 % = Adjectives: Steep: pronounced/sharp/abrupt ex: a steep decline Gradual:")
25. Détail source à réviser : share (the name of the bearer is not written with the Security and Exchange Commission) To buy gilt-edged securities: to buy really secure stocks 5.4 – Bonds and other financial instruments • Bonds are securities issued (Source: "share (the name of the bearer is not written with the Security and Exchange Commission) To buy gilt-edged securities: to buy really secure stocks 5.4 – Bonds and other financial instruments • Bonds are securities issued by local and national governments in exchange for a loan to be repaid. They are considered as risk-free investments as bondholders")
26. Détail source à réviser : day to another party.) • A leveraged buyout concerns the purchase of a controlling share in a company by its management using outside capital. (A controlling share refers to the group of shares that are going to guarante (Source: "day to another party.) • A leveraged buyout concerns the purchase of a controlling share in a company by its management using outside capital. (A controlling share refers to the group of shares that are going to guarantee their holders the individual or shared exercise of the company’s controlling power.) LAW 02.05.26 60 Teaching aid – Legal")
27. Détail source à réviser : employ people, conduct businesses… • A limited company (=a company in which the subscribers or members have a limited liability which means that it does not go beyond what they invested or guaranteed in it). In case of i (Source: "employ people, conduct businesses… • A limited company (=a company in which the subscribers or members have a limited liability which means that it does not go beyond what they invested or guaranteed in it). In case of investment, the liability of members is limited to the unpaid value of shares. In case of guarantee, the liability of members is")
28. Détail source à réviser : transferability of their shares, sets the number of board of directors’ meetings...) 02.05.26 63 - Form 10: gives details about the intended officers of the company, the company’s registered office (=its headquarters)… - (Source: "transferability of their shares, sets the number of board of directors’ meetings...) 02.05.26 63 - Form 10: gives details about the intended officers of the company, the company’s registered office (=its headquarters)… - Form 12: certifies that the legal requirements for registration have been completed and sent to the registrar of companies (with a fee).")
29. Détail source à réviser : → Ils ont négocié les termes du contrat 02.05.26 65 • The business partner found against the action taken → L'associé a statué contre la mesure prise • To convene/call a meeting → Convoquer une réunion / Tenir une réunio (Source: "→ Ils ont négocié les termes du contrat 02.05.26 65 • The business partner found against the action taken → L'associé a statué contre la mesure prise • To convene/call a meeting → Convoquer une réunion / Tenir une réunion • A quorum → Un quorum (le nombre minimum de membres requis pour qu'une assemblée puisse délibérer valablement) • A vote taken on a")
30. Détail source à réviser : • The minutes are the written record of the decisions made. 02.05.26 67 3 – Shareholders’ Meetings • Some decisions need shareholders’ approval and they can be organized in the presence or not of the company’s directors. (Source: "• The minutes are the written record of the decisions made. 02.05.26 67 3 – Shareholders’ Meetings • Some decisions need shareholders’ approval and they can be organized in the presence or not of the company’s directors. In that case, if some decisions are to be taken, only shareholders have the right to vote. A director is not necessarily a")
31. Détail source à réviser : or the internet, but when a poll is held, votes are counted differently: each shareholder has one vote per share held. There are many ways to vote a resolution and many types of resolutions at stake: 1. The ordinary reso (Source: "or the internet, but when a poll is held, votes are counted differently: each shareholder has one vote per share held. There are many ways to vote a resolution and many types of resolutions at stake: 1. The ordinary resolution (OR) – requires a simple bare majority (i-e: 50% of the votes + 1 of the votes cast) and a 14 days’notice. 2. The special resolution")
32. Détail source à réviser : has a casting vote in the event that the votes are the same on the side of the ‘for’ and on that of the ‘against’. (This is to break a possible deadlock.) 69 02.05.26 70 Once the meeting is over, it is adjourned (=la séa (Source: "has a casting vote in the event that the votes are the same on the side of the ‘for’ and on that of the ‘against’. (This is to break a possible deadlock.) 69 02.05.26 70 Once the meeting is over, it is adjourned (=la séance est levée) and the minutes can be finalised. The mention ‘Present’ in the minutes, refers to someone who was in attendance and who")
33. Détail source à réviser : one) to a director (in the event that they are also shareholders). The privilege (known as ‘enhanced voting rights) can make any decision very difficult to implement. 02.05.26 72 • Good reasons for destitution must be in (Source: "one) to a director (in the event that they are also shareholders). The privilege (known as ‘enhanced voting rights) can make any decision very difficult to implement. 02.05.26 72 • Good reasons for destitution must be invoked: - misrepresentation, - unfairness, - defamation, - libel, - nuisances/tort action caused to the company, - trespassing, - trade")
34. Détail source à réviser : of each month le salaire versé le 28, une fois le mois échu 02.05.26 75 A non-competition clause Une clause de non-concurrence Whereby Selon laquelle/lequel …regardless of whether or not they vote for the resolution. Qu’ (Source: "of each month le salaire versé le 28, une fois le mois échu 02.05.26 75 A non-competition clause Une clause de non-concurrence Whereby Selon laquelle/lequel …regardless of whether or not they vote for the resolution. Qu’ils votent ou non A fixed-term contract/an open- ended contract Un contrat à durée déterminé/indéterminé An unexpired term Un mandat")
35. Détail source à réviser : qu’il n’y ait des propositions satisfaisantes A ‘without prejudice’ discussion is scheduled to take place today Une discussion sans préjudice est fixée pour aujourd’hui In the clause hereof some details mention that Dans (Source: "qu’il n’y ait des propositions satisfaisantes A ‘without prejudice’ discussion is scheduled to take place today Une discussion sans préjudice est fixée pour aujourd’hui In the clause hereof some details mention that Dans la clause présente/ci-contre, certains détails précisent que… Thereby Donc, ainsi Hereunder Ci-dessous An endeavour Un effeort,")
36. Détail source à réviser : when a supplier (company A) sells goods to a distributor (company B) who is going to make a profit (=a mark-up) by reselling them to an end- consumer, a distribution agreement is passed. • There is no commission paid in (Source: "when a supplier (company A) sells goods to a distributor (company B) who is going to make a profit (=a mark-up) by reselling them to an end- consumer, a distribution agreement is passed. • There is no commission paid in this case. 02.05.26 79 • This type of contract implies duties on both sides too. The distributor, for instance, will have to")
37. Détail source à réviser : co-entreprises) (when two enterprises join forces to do business together) (ex: Ecor and Niaga). >> many fast food chains are franchises 02.05.26 80 • As a legal counsellor, you may have to write a company’s contract, it (Source: "co-entreprises) (when two enterprises join forces to do business together) (ex: Ecor and Niaga). >> many fast food chains are franchises 02.05.26 80 • As a legal counsellor, you may have to write a company’s contract, its Articles of association, its resolutions and minutes (relating to AGMs). You may also deal with commercial agreement, merger and")
38. Détail source à réviser : juridique). Read and read again your contract as it will have to be legally watertight and mind the punctuation (as you can change the meaning of a sentence if used in an incorrect way). - To use adverbs or adverbial loc (Source: "juridique). Read and read again your contract as it will have to be legally watertight and mind the punctuation (as you can change the meaning of a sentence if used in an incorrect way). - To use adverbs or adverbial locutions to create connections (they are often used at the beginning or at the end of sentences in legal English) (Check that you know")
39. Détail source à réviser : is primarily (=essentiellement) calculated on the basis of the services provided. ➢ thereto/hereto: inherent to that/to it The agreement must state what provisions of law apply thereto (=indiquer quelles sont les disposi (Source: "is primarily (=essentiellement) calculated on the basis of the services provided. ➢ thereto/hereto: inherent to that/to it The agreement must state what provisions of law apply thereto (=indiquer quelles sont les dispositions légales applicables). 02.05.26 83 NB 1: Some terms (for instance, ‘there’) may come in a variety of occurrences: thereafter")
40. Détail source à réviser : party although not directly implied)(ex: an employer who has one of his employees involved in a machine accident caused to a third person.) 02.05.26 84 There are many latin expressions… • per se: in itself • ex gratia: a (Source: "party although not directly implied)(ex: an employer who has one of his employees involved in a machine accident caused to a third person.) 02.05.26 84 There are many latin expressions… • per se: in itself • ex gratia: as a favour • ex parte: without notice • ratio: reason • Regina/Rex: the Queen/the King • to maintain a status quo: to maintain an")
41. Détail source à réviser : contract hereto Veuillez trouver ci-joint les annexes au contrat The signer commits to respecting professional secrecy during the continuance of the contract Le signataire s'engage à respecter le secret professionnel pen (Source: "contract hereto Veuillez trouver ci-joint les annexes au contrat The signer commits to respecting professional secrecy during the continuance of the contract Le signataire s'engage à respecter le secret professionnel pendant la durée du contrat A servicing report will be produced weekly Un rapport de service sera produit chaque semaine All the rules will be")
42. Détail source à réviser : A copy of the document is attached herewith Une copie du document est jointe aux présentes 88 A lot of latin phrases are used in legal English, for instance: The ejusdem generis rule La règle ejusdem generis (les termes (Source: "A copy of the document is attached herewith Une copie du document est jointe aux présentes 88 A lot of latin phrases are used in legal English, for instance: The ejusdem generis rule La règle ejusdem generis (les termes généraux suivant des termes spécifiques s'interprètent restrictivement) Prima facie À première vue / De prime abord (présomption")
43. Détail source à réviser : Tribunal (ET). ● Employment tribunals usually consist of a chairperson and two lay people who render a unanimous or majority decision. ● The grounds for dismissal are all listed in s.98 Employment Rights Act 1996. To nam (Source: "Tribunal (ET). ● Employment tribunals usually consist of a chairperson and two lay people who render a unanimous or majority decision. ● The grounds for dismissal are all listed in s.98 Employment Rights Act 1996. To name a few, there can be: unfitness for work, misconduct… ● Written warnings, demotion (=downgrading the employee to an inferior")
44. Détail source à réviser : lawyers]). ● For this, a mediator can assist the parties to reach an agreement (this person is chosen by the parties to maintain a dialogue). 02.05.26 91 • The arbitrator (=mediator) can also intervene to rule on the dis (Source: "lawyers]). ● For this, a mediator can assist the parties to reach an agreement (this person is chosen by the parties to maintain a dialogue). 02.05.26 91 • The arbitrator (=mediator) can also intervene to rule on the dispute. These procedures are known as ADRs (alternative dispute resolutions). ● When people are negotiating, some prerogatives can")
45. Détail source à réviser : to be reversed when the case is appealed and that it emerges that the law was wrongly or irrationally applied. 02.05.26 93 In any case, a contract can contain a few restrictive covenants (=clauses) (ex: working for a com (Source: "to be reversed when the case is appealed and that it emerges that the law was wrongly or irrationally applied. 02.05.26 93 In any case, a contract can contain a few restrictive covenants (=clauses) (ex: working for a competitor may be forbidden for a particular duration). Such a clause binds the employee and should be compensated financially by the")
46. Détail source à réviser : situations and, in this case, the lawyer (or legal advisor) often has to do the first draft of the order beforehand (as courts are often overstretched and cannot spare sufficient time to do it). • Once the order received (Source: "situations and, in this case, the lawyer (or legal advisor) often has to do the first draft of the order beforehand (as courts are often overstretched and cannot spare sufficient time to do it). • Once the order received (and considered), a court hearing is organized (to take stock of the situation). • When an injunction order is applied for, this")
47. Détail source à réviser : establish a precedent). NB: there are different terms to refer to a ‘lawyer’ in English: a counsel, a solicitor, a barrister, an attorney (US)… A barrister has taken the ‘bar exam’ which means they can plead (=litigate) (Source: "establish a precedent). NB: there are different terms to refer to a ‘lawyer’ in English: a counsel, a solicitor, a barrister, an attorney (US)… A barrister has taken the ‘bar exam’ which means they can plead (=litigate) at the court (they also deal with specific areas of the law) (contrary to solicitors) and are paid on a minute basis (as opposed to")
48. Détail source à réviser : • To corroborate evidence → • To cross-examine → 99 • To return a verdict → • To deny someone’s liability/to deny a claim → • Punitive damages → • To fabricate evidence → • To file an appeal to a judgement → • To grant/t (Source: "• To corroborate evidence → • To cross-examine → 99 • To return a verdict → • To deny someone’s liability/to deny a claim → • Punitive damages → • To fabricate evidence → • To file an appeal to a judgement → • To grant/to hand down a judgement → • To hold in custody → • An incriminating piece of evidence → 100 • To be prosecuted for stg → • To be")
49. Détail source à réviser : B. Ranc INTRODUCTION • This document is a teaching aid with the view to helping you: ● discuss financial matters, ● read the financial press, ● consult financial documents, ● give you the words and terminology you need, (Source: "B. Ranc INTRODUCTION • This document is a teaching aid with the view to helping you: ● discuss financial matters, ● read the financial press, ● consult financial documents, ● give you the words and terminology you need, ● revise terms or phrases you have already encountered (to recycle them or verify their uses)")
50. Détail source à réviser : prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations • 7. creditors • 8. sha (Source: "prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations • 7. creditors • 8. shares • 9. prospectus • a Memorandum (pl. -a) of Association (GB) : un mémorandum d'association = a Certificate of Incorporation (US) : un...")
51. Détail source à réviser : 1. The separate entity or accounting entity assumption: the company is an accounting unit separate from its owners, creditors, etc (Source: "1. The separate entity or accounting entity assumption: the company is an accounting unit separate from its owners, creditors, etc")
52. Détail source à réviser : 6. The revenue of realization principle: the company’s revenues are recognized when the service or product is considered delivered to the customer – not when the cash is received (Source: "6. The revenue of realization principle: the company’s revenues are recognized when the service or product is considered delivered to the customer – not when the cash is received")
53. Détail source à réviser : 4. Wasting assets: items that have limited life spans and that irreversibly decline in value over time (ex : the company's machinery or vehicles (Source: "4. Wasting assets: items that have limited life spans and that irreversibly decline in value over time (ex : the company's machinery or vehicles")
54. Détail source à réviser : Check you know how to say them here: • de la petite monnaie: cash • de l'argent liquide: cash • un billet: a bill/a (bank)note • de grosses/petites coupures: hight/small denominations • de l'oseille/du blé/du flouze (Source: "Check you know how to say them here: • de la petite monnaie: cash • de l'argent liquide: cash • un billet: a bill/a (bank)note • de grosses/petites coupures: hight/small denominations • de l'oseille/du blé/du flouze")
55. Détail source à réviser : 9 Bankruptcy Vocabulary checks 1. to go into liquidation: être mis en liquidation 2. To go into receivership: être mis sous séquestre 3. to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4. a receiver: un administrateur ju (Source: "9 Bankruptcy Vocabulary checks 1. to go into liquidation: être mis en liquidation 2. To go into receivership: être mis sous séquestre 3. to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4. a receiver: un administrateur judiciaire 5. a corporation (US): une société 6. to do business: faire des affaires 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8. a Li...")
56. Détail source à réviser : the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10. an insolvent person/a bankrupt: une personne insolvable/un failli 11. a discharged bankrupt: un failli libéré 12. to make/grant an order: rendre une ordonnance 31 Vid (Source: "the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10. an insolvent person/a bankrupt: une personne insolvable/un failli 11. a discharged bankrupt: un failli libéré 12. to make/grant an order: rendre une ordonnance 31 Video - What is a central bank Manage the flow of money in a country’s eco Typically part of the gov tho should operate independently 3 role...")
57. Détail source à réviser : 26 40 The role of central banks is to: 1. Issue coins and banknotes of all dénomination 2. Set interest rates: ➢Low rates encourage individual and businesses to take out loans ➢Higher rates: make borrowing more expensive (Source: "26 40 The role of central banks is to: 1. Issue coins and banknotes of all dénomination 2. Set interest rates: ➢Low rates encourage individual and businesses to take out loans ➢Higher rates: make borrowing more expensive, reducing demands for loans 3. Regulate the money supply (lowering/incrsease reserve requirement = amount of liquid assaets banks must a...")
58. Détail source à réviser : • Finance houses – institutions also advancing credit, often on the basis of a lease or hire-purchase agreement (=contrat de location-vente)(Ex: Opel Bank SA) (Source: "• Finance houses – institutions also advancing credit, often on the basis of a lease or hire-purchase agreement (=contrat de location-vente)(Ex: Opel Bank SA)")
59. Détail source à réviser : t is established) and floor (= a lower limit is established) This arrengement is known as « a collar », 02.05.26 47 • A blue-chip company is... → a major, highly successful firm that is often listed on the primary stock (Source: "t is established) and floor (= a lower limit is established) This arrengement is known as « a collar », 02.05.26 47 • A blue-chip company is... → a major, highly successful firm that is often listed on the primary stock exchange markets. • A discount rate (=taux")
60. Détail source à réviser : e=to nosedive=to sink=to plunge • to reach a trough: atteindre un creu • to shrink: to retract • to bottom out: to reach the lowest point • A downward trend: a tendency to go down • A drop: a decrease • to (sky)rocket: (Source: "e=to nosedive=to sink=to plunge • to reach a trough: atteindre un creu • to shrink: to retract • to bottom out: to reach the lowest point • A downward trend: a tendency to go down • A drop: a decrease • to (sky)rocket:")
61. Détail source à réviser : B. Ranc INTRODUCTION • This document is an aid with the view to helping you: ● Acquire general knowledge of the legal characteristics of a limited company, ● Teach you the vocabulary inherent to it, ● Understand and be c (Source: "B. Ranc INTRODUCTION • This document is an aid with the view to helping you: ● Acquire general knowledge of the legal characteristics of a limited company, ● Teach you the vocabulary inherent to it, ● Understand and be capable of explaining the legal procedures (and documentation) required for company formation (or other purposes) ● Be able to draft some...")
62. Détail source à réviser : If this is the case, a Certificate of Incorporation (=certificat de constitution) is issued (Source: "If this is the case, a Certificate of Incorporation (=certificat de constitution) is issued")
63. Détail source à réviser : - A 21 days’ notice is normally required before an AGM can be validly held (reduced to 14 days in the case of an EGM) (Source: "- A 21 days’ notice is normally required before an AGM can be validly held (reduced to 14 days in the case of an EGM)")
64. Détail source à réviser : 1. The ordinary resolution (OR) – requires a simple bare majority (i-e: 50% of the votes + 1 of the votes cast) and a 14 days’notice (Source: "1. The ordinary resolution (OR) – requires a simple bare majority (i-e: 50% of the votes + 1 of the votes cast) and a 14 days’notice")
65. Détail source à réviser : Qu’ils votent ou non A fixed-term contract/an open- ended contract Un contrat à durée déterminé/indéterminé An unexpired term Un mandat non terminé To have meritorious claim for compensation Effectuer une demande d’indem (Source: "Qu’ils votent ou non A fixed-term contract/an open- ended contract Un contrat à durée déterminé/indéterminé An unexpired term Un mandat non terminé To have meritorious claim for compensation Effectuer une demande d’indemnisation fondée 02")
66. Détail source à réviser : For his part, the principal will have, for example, to supply advertising literature and after-sale service… B. Distribution agreement By contrast, when a supplier (company A) sells goods to a distributor (company B) who (Source: "For his part, the principal will have, for example, to supply advertising literature and after-sale service… B. Distribution agreement By contrast, when a supplier (company A) sells goods to a distributor (company B) who is going to make a profit (=a mark-up) by reselling them to an end- consumer, a distribution agreement is passed. • There is no commissi...")
67. Détail source à réviser : Ex: This agreement, unless termination has transpired on a prior date, shall end/will fall due on October 17th, 2028 (Source: "Ex: This agreement, unless termination has transpired on a prior date, shall end/will fall due on October 17th, 2028")
68. Détail source à réviser : ➢ thereto/hereto: inherent to that/to it The agreement must state what provisions of law apply thereto (=indiquer quelles sont les dispositions légales applicables) (Source: "➢ thereto/hereto: inherent to that/to it The agreement must state what provisions of law apply thereto (=indiquer quelles sont les dispositions légales applicables)")
69. Détail source à réviser : 1996) (ERA for short) (Source: "1996) (ERA for short)")
70. Détail source à réviser : To name a few, there can be: unfitness for work, misconduct… ● Written warnings, demotion (=downgrading the employee to an inferior position), usually prefigure a dismissal (Source: "To name a few, there can be: unfitness for work, misconduct… ● Written warnings, demotion (=downgrading the employee to an inferior position), usually prefigure a dismissal")
71. Détail source à réviser : If it is actually paid out (=rétribuée) but breached, the matter can be settled, as a last resort, before a court (Source: "If it is actually paid out (=rétribuée) but breached, the matter can be settled, as a last resort, before a court")
72. Détail source à réviser : own a judgement → • To hold in custody → • An incriminating piece of evidence → 100 • To be prosecuted for stg → • To be charged with/convicted of a crime → • To be sentenced to jail → • To summon a witness → • To conten (Source: "own a judgement → • To hold in custody → • An incriminating piece of evidence → 100 • To be prosecuted for stg → • To be charged with/convicted of a crime → • To be sentenced to jail → • To summon a witness → • To contend a declaration → 101 Matching exercise: 1. To be on bail 2. To be on trial 3. To be on probation 4. To be in custody a) the state of bei...")
73. Détail source à réviser : to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4. a receiver: un administrateur judiciaire 5. a corporation (US): une société 6. to do business: faire des affaires 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8. a Li (Source: "to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4. a receiver: un administrateur judiciaire 5. a corporation (US): une société 6. to do business: faire des affaires 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8. a Licensed Insolvency Practitioner (LIP): 9. the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10. an insolvent person/a bankrupt: une person...")
74. Détail source à réviser : to make/grant an order: rendre une ordonnance 31 Video - What is a central bank Manage the flow of money in a country’s eco Typically part of the gov tho should operate independently 3 roles: 1. In charge of monitary pol (Source: "to make/grant an order: rendre une ordonnance 31 Video - What is a central bank Manage the flow of money in a country’s eco Typically part of the gov tho should operate independently 3 roles: 1. In charge of monitary policie to keep the prices stable ➔ adjust interrest rates to boost/slow the economy 2. Sell/buy foreign currency Weeken/support the value o...")
75. Détail source à réviser : 3. Preserving financial stability: give loan (as a last result) to comercial banks 32 An AGM is held to ensure that shareholders know about the management's performance, administration, and decisions (Source: "3. Preserving financial stability: give loan (as a last result) to comercial banks 32 An AGM is held to ensure that shareholders know about the management's performance, administration, and decisions")
76. Détail source à réviser : Its agenda should mention the date, place and number of shareholders present and can be detailed this way: 1. Welcome by chairperson 2. Apologies for absence 3. Confirmation of the minutes of the previous AGM 4. Business (Source: "Its agenda should mention the date, place and number of shareholders present and can be detailed this way: 1. Welcome by chairperson 2. Apologies for absence 3. Confirmation of the minutes of the previous AGM 4. Business arising from the minutes 5. Chairperson's report 6. Treasurer's report and presentation of the audited financial statement 7. Election o...")
77. Détail source à réviser : 2. The special resolution (SR) – requires a qualified majority (i-e: 75% of the votes + 1 of the votes cast) and a 21 days’notice (Source: "2. The special resolution (SR) – requires a qualified majority (i-e: 75% of the votes + 1 of the votes cast) and a 21 days’notice")
78. Détail source à réviser : 1 Exercises key + extra vocabulary • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations (Source: "1 Exercises key + extra vocabulary • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3. losses • 4. liability • 5. bankruptcy • 6. corporations • 7. creditors • 8. shares • 9. prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1. sole trader • 2. partnership (please note : to form a partner...")
79. Détail source à réviser : 2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3 (Source: "2. partnership (please note : to form a partnership/to enter into partnership) • 3")
80. Détail source à réviser : 13. to issue • the Articles of Association (GB) : les statuts = the bylaws (US) : les règlements • 14 (Source: "13. to issue • the Articles of Association (GB) : les statuts = the bylaws (US) : les règlements • 14")
81. Détail source à réviser : 2. The continuity or going-concern assumption: it is assumed that the company will continue to operate without any intention to liquidate in the foresseeable future (Source: "2. The continuity or going-concern assumption: it is assumed that the company will continue to operate without any intention to liquidate in the foresseeable future")
82. Détail source à réviser : 3. The unit of measure assumption: all transactions should be made in a single and supposedly stable currency (multinationals use the dollar as a monetary unit) (Source: "3. The unit of measure assumption: all transactions should be made in a single and supposedly stable currency (multinationals use the dollar as a monetary unit)")
83. Détail source à réviser : 6. Liquid assets ( = liquidité) asset that can be converted into cash quickly (casg, inventory, accounts receivable) 7 (Source: "6. Liquid assets ( = liquidité) asset that can be converted into cash quickly (casg, inventory, accounts receivable) 7")
84. Détail source à réviser : to do business: faire des affaires 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8. a Licensed Insolvency Practitioner (LIP): 9. the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10. an insolvent person/a bankrupt: une (Source: "to do business: faire des affaires 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8. a Licensed Insolvency Practitioner (LIP): 9. the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10. an insolvent person/a bankrupt: une personne insolvable/un failli 11. a discharged bankrupt: un failli libéré 12. to make/grant an order: rendre une ordonnance 31 Video - W...")
85. Détail source à réviser : 3. Regulate the money supply (lowering/incrsease reserve requirement = amount of liquid assaets banks must always have available) ➢Lowering reserve requirement ➢Raising reserve requirement 4 (Source: "3. Regulate the money supply (lowering/incrsease reserve requirement = amount of liquid assaets banks must always have available) ➢Lowering reserve requirement ➢Raising reserve requirement 4")
86. Détail source à réviser : Act as a lender of last resort to commercial banks with liquidity problems 6. Control the actions taken by the others banks in the country (= role of supervision of the banking system) 7. Influence exchange rates by inte (Source: "Act as a lender of last resort to commercial banks with liquidity problems 6. Control the actions taken by the others banks in the country (= role of supervision of the banking system) 7. Influence exchange rates by intervening on foreign exchange markets 8. Carry out economic research (inflation, public dept,…) 02.05.26 42 • Commercial banks – trade in o...")
87. Détail source à réviser : 2. Intangible assets: accounting concept referring to values that are hard to quantify or convert into cash: • For instance: goodwill (= survaleur) ('goodwill' has to do with the company's reputation or image on the mark (Source: "2. Intangible assets: accounting concept referring to values that are hard to quantify or convert into cash: • For instance: goodwill (= survaleur) ('goodwill' has to do with the company's reputation or image on the market; if it is a good one, we call it goodwill/if it is a bad one = badwill)")
88. Détail source à réviser : 3. to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4 (Source: "3. to be wound up: faire l’objet d’une liquidation 4")
89. Détail source à réviser : a) The zero notion: Read aloud : • 5 (Source: "a) The zero notion: Read aloud : • 5")
90. Détail source à réviser : 9. prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1 (Source: "9. prospectus • Ex 1 : Types of business • 1")
91. Détail source à réviser : 11. capital (= authorized share capit (Source: "11. capital (= authorized share capit")
92. Détail source à réviser : 4. The time-period or accounting period assumption: requires that the company divides its business activities into equalilly measured time intervals, usually one year: financial year (GB)/fiscal year (US) or quarter, or (Source: "4. The time-period or accounting period assumption: requires that the company divides its business activities into equalilly measured time intervals, usually one year: financial year (GB)/fiscal year (US) or quarter, or month >> acural (= accumulation) or deferral (= report) 5")
93. Détail source à réviser : 1. to go into liquidation: être mis en liquidation 2 (Source: "1. to go into liquidation: être mis en liquidation 2")
94. Détail source à réviser : 5. a corporation (US): une société 6 (Source: "5. a corporation (US): une société 6")
95. Détail source à réviser : 7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8 (Source: "7. to go bust/to the wall/broke: faire faillite 8")
96. Détail source à réviser : 9. the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10 (Source: "9. the Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB): 10")

📅 Repères chronologiques

📊 Tableaux de Synthèse

Comparatif des structures d'entreprise

⚠️ Pièges & Confusions Fréquentes

1. Confusion entre 'sole trader' et 'partnership'.
2. Mélanger 'limited liability' avec 'unlimited liability'.
3. Confondre 'bankruptcy' et 'winding up'.
4. Erreur dans la lecture des chiffres financiers en anglais.
5. Confusion entre 'assets' et 'liabilities'.
6. Mauvaise compréhension des termes liés à la procédure judiciaire.
7. Confusion entre 'shareholders' et 'creditors'.

✅ Checklist Examen

1. Maîtriser la lecture des chiffres financiers en anglais.
2. Connaître les types d'entreprises et leur vocabulaire.
3. Comprendre la terminologie des réunions d'entreprise.
4. Savoir les termes clés en droit commercial.
5. Maîtriser le vocabulaire des procédures judiciaires.
6. Différencier les types de contrats commerciaux.
7. Connaître le rôle des banques centrales.
8. Utiliser les expressions courantes en contexte d'entreprise.