Fiche de révision : Les Origines de la Grande Dépression

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Corruption et politique économique sous la présidence Harding
2. Gestion de la dette de guerre, plan Dawes et politique économique des années 1920
3. Krach boursier de 1929 et début de la Grande Dépression
4. Réponses initiales de Hoover à la crise économique et contestations sociales
5. Élection de 1932 et l’émergence du New Deal de Franklin D. Roosevelt
6. Programmes du New Deal : secours, relance économique et réformes structurelles
7. Crise agricole, Dust Bowl et politiques agricoles du New Deal
8. Développement des infrastructures et politiques sociales sous le New Deal
9. Réformes du travail et relations syndicales dans les années 1930
10. Conflits avec la Cour suprême et évolution politique du New Deal
11. Économie keynésienne, législation électorale et critiques du New Deal
12. Bilan politique et économique de Roosevelt face à la Grande Dépression

📖 1. Corruption et politique économique sous la présidence Harding

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Adkins v. Children's Hospital : Une décision de la Cour suprême en 1923 qui a invalidé une législation protégeant spécifiquement les femmes au travail, en affirmant que le 19e amendement garantissait l'égalité légale entre hommes et femmes, excluant ainsi une protection spéciale.
• President Harding : Inaugurated in 1921. He was unable to detect corruption in
• Harding could expand without worries : La capacité des corporations à croître librement sous Harding, en raison de l'absence de contrôle antitrust et d'une politique gouvernementale favorable aux affaires.

📝 Points essentiels

• Harding n'a pas détecté la corruption dans son administration, notamment avec Harry M. Daugherty et Albert B. Fall.
• La Cour suprême, sous Harding, a invalidé des lois progressistes, notamment en statuant dans Adkins v. Children's Hospital que les femmes n'avaient pas droit à une protection spéciale au travail.

💡 À retenir

Harding n'a pas détecté la corruption dans son administration, notamment avec Harry M. Daugherty et Albert B. Fall.

📖 2. Gestion de la dette de guerre, plan Dawes et politique économique des années 1920

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Kellogg-Briand Pact : Un accord international signé en 1928 par 62 nations, interdisant la guerre comme instrument de politique nationale, sauf en cas de légitime défense.
• Calvin Coolidge : Président des États-Unis après Harding, connu pour son style réservé et pour avoir maintenu une politique économique favorable aux entreprises et un isolationnisme marqué.
• They had lost many troops : La reconnaissance par les Alliés des lourdes pertes humaines subies durant la Première Guerre mondiale, utilisée pour argumenter contre le remboursement des prêts américains.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le Pacte Kellogg-Briand de 1928, signé par 62 nations, a interdit la guerre sauf en cas de défense.
• Après la Première Guerre mondiale, les États-Unis ont exigé le remboursement des prêts de guerre, provoquant une chaîne de dettes entre Alliés et Allemagne.

💡 À retenir

Le Pacte Kellogg-Briand de 1928, signé par 62 nations, a interdit la guerre sauf en cas de défense.

📖 3. Krach boursier de 1929 et début de la Grande Dépression

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Krach boursier de 1929 : événement financier majeur qui marque la fin des Années folles, caractérisé par une chute brutale et rapide des cours en bourse, notamment lors du "Black Tuesday" du 24 octobre 1929.

• 1929 The Great : période marquée par la crise économique mondiale déclenchée par le krach boursier, qui entraîne une dépression profonde.

• Great Crash ends the Golden : expression désignant la fin de la période prospère des années 1920, appelée "les Années folles", par la chute brutale des marchés financiers.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le krach boursier d’octobre 1929 a provoqué une perte financière estimée à 40 milliards de dollars en seulement deux mois, ce qui a entraîné la fermeture de milliers de banques. La crise a été accentuée par une surproduction dans l’industrie et l’agriculture, qui dépassait la capacité de consommation, aggravant ainsi la crise économique. La Grande Dépression a touché durement les États-Unis, avec un chômage massif et la multiplication de bidonvilles surnommés Hoovervilles, en référence au président Herbert Hoover. La panique financière mondiale a été alimentée par la hausse des taux d’intérêt britanniques et par des tarifs douaniers élevés, qui ont contribué à la contraction des échanges internationaux.

💡 À retenir

Le krach boursier de 1929, en provoquant une crise financière majeure, a déclenché la Grande Dépression, dont les effets sociaux se sont traduits par un chômage massif et une dégradation des conditions de vie, notamment à travers la prolifération des bidonvilles. Les causes immédiates incluent la spéculation excessive, la surproduction, et la crise de confiance sur les marchés financiers, tandis que ses conséquences sociales se manifestent par une paupérisation généralisée.

📖 4. Réponses initiales de Hoover à la crise économique et contestations sociales

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Agricultural Marketing Act : Législation adoptée en 1929 qui a créé la Federal Farm Board chargée d'acheter les surplus agricoles afin de stabiliser les prix, mais qui n'a pas réussi à contrer les effets de la surproduction.
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff : Loi de 1930 ayant augmenté les droits de douane jusqu'à 60 %, ce qui a aggravé la dépression économique et intensifié le chaos financier à l'échelle internationale.
• Bonus Army : Groupe de vétérans de la Première Guerre mondiale qui, en 1932, ont été violemment évacués de Washington par l'armée alors qu'ils réclamaient le paiement anticipé de leurs primes.
• Herbert Hoover : The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928.

📝 Points essentiels

• L'Agricultural Marketing Act de 1929 a créé la Federal Farm Board pour acheter les surplus agricoles, mais a échoué face à la surproduction.
• Hoover a financé des travaux publics comme le Hoover Dam mais a rejeté des projets jugés socialistes, comme le Muscle Shoals bill.

💡 À retenir

Les politiques de Hoover, limitées face à la crise, ont été critiquées pour leur inefficacité et ont alimenté les tensions sociales, notamment avec l'évacuation du Bonus Army.

📖 5. Élection de 1932 et l’émergence du New Deal de Franklin D. Roosevelt

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• New Deal : There is no clear plan laid out (what is he going to do if elected
• Fireside Chats : Série de discours radiophoniques donnés par Franklin D. Roosevelt pour apaiser le public et restaurer la confiance, notamment dans le système bancaire durant la crise économique.
• ELECTION OF 1932 : Republican party is running Herbert Hoover for a second term (president during the Wall Street Crash, he who favored individualism in the crisis and a non-intervention of the federal government).

📝 Points essentiels

• En 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt a remporté l'élection présidentielle avec 57,32 % des voix, promettant un New Deal sans plan précis.
• FDR a utilisé les 'fireside chats' pour restaurer la confiance du public, notamment dans le système bancaire.
• New Deal or Raw Deal?

💡 À retenir

L'élection de 1932 a marqué un tournant politique majeur avec l'arrivée d'un gouvernement interventionniste, illustré par le lancement du New Deal et l'utilisation de la radio pour communiquer avec le public.

📖 6. Programmes du New Deal : secours, relance économique et réformes structurelles

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) : Programme employant environ 3 millions d'hommes dans des camps gouvernementaux pour des travaux de conservation et de développement des ressources naturelles.
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) : Agence créée en 1933 pour distribuer des fonds directs aux États afin de fournir des secours immédiats et des emplois temporaires face au chômage massif.
• National Recovery Administration (NRA) : Agence créée pour réguler les pratiques commerciales, réduire les heures de travail, instaurer un salaire minimum, mais déclarée inconstitutionnelle en 1935.
• Public Works Administration (PWA) : Agence chargée de financer des infrastructures publiques pour stimuler la relance économique à long terme.
• Congress passed : Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935, with the objective of providing employment for useful projects (i.

📝 Points essentiels

• Administration (NRA).
• Congress gave President Roosevelt

💡 À retenir

Administration (NRA).

📖 7. Crise agricole, Dust Bowl et politiques agricoles du New Deal

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) : Législation du New Deal qui a tenté de réduire les surplus agricoles en payant les agriculteurs à ne pas cultiver leurs terres, afin de faire remonter les prix des récoltes, mais qui a été déclarée inconstitutionnelle en 1936.
• Dust Bowl : Catastrophe écologique survenue à la fin de 1933 dans les Grandes Plaines trans-Mississippi, causée par la sécheresse, le vent et la surexploitation des terres agricoles, qui a dévasté plusieurs États.
• Rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 : Période historique caractérisée par la montée de régimes totalitaires, influencée par la crise économique mondiale, les tensions politiques et sociales, sans lien direct avec les politiques agricoles du New Deal.

📝 Points essentiels

• La Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act de 1934 a suspendu les saisies hypothécaires, mais a été annulée par la Cour suprême en 1935.
• The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in 1934, suspended

💡 À retenir

La Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act de 1934 a suspendu les saisies hypothécaires, mais a été annulée par la Cour suprême en 1935.

📖 8. Développement des infrastructures et politiques sociales sous le New Deal

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) : Une agence fédérale créée en 1933 pour construire des barrages sur le fleuve Tennessee, fournissant de l'électricité et modernisant une région pauvre tout en servant de modèle pour la régulation des tarifs électriques.
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) : Une administration créée en 1934 visant à améliorer l'industrie de la construction de logements en facilitant l'accès au crédit pour la construction et l'amélioration des habitations.
• Social Security Act : Une loi adoptée en 1935 qui a instauré une assurance chômage fédérale-étatique et des pensions de retraite pour certaines catégories de travailleurs retraités.
• Workers were : Les travailleurs ont obtenu le droit de s'organiser syndicalement dans le cadre des réformes du New Deal visant à améliorer leurs conditions de travail.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le US Housing Authority a financé des logements sociaux à bas coût.
• La TVA a construit des barrages pour fournir de l'électricité et moderniser une région pauvre, tout en servant de référence pour la régulation des tarifs électriques.

💡 À retenir

Le US Housing Authority a financé des logements sociaux à bas coût.

📖 9. Réformes du travail et relations syndicales dans les années 1930

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) : Organisation syndicale fondée en 1935 par John L. Lewis pour organiser les travailleurs non qualifiés, qui a mené des grèves importantes, notamment la grève par sit-in chez General Motors en 1936.
• National Labor Relations : Droits des travailleurs réaffirmés par la National Labor Relations Act de 1935, qui leur garantit la possibilité de s'organiser et de négocier collectivement par l'intermédiaire de représentants choisis.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le Wagner Act de 1935 a renforcé les droits syndicaux et créé la National Labor Relations Board.
• La Fair Labor Standards Act de 1938 a fixé un salaire minimum, limité la durée du travail et interdit le travail des enfants de moins de 16 ans.
• En 1938, le CIO a fusionné avec l'American Federation of Labor (AFL).
• (Wagner Act) to help labor unions.

💡 À retenir

Le Wagner Act de 1935 a renforcé les droits syndicaux et créé la National Labor Relations Board.

📖 10. Conflits avec la Cour suprême et évolution politique du New Deal

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Supreme Court : Dominated by older ultraconservatives who attempted to stop many of the "socialistic" New Deal programs.
• Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme : Décision prise par la Cour suprême d'invalider des lois ou programmes, notamment ceux du New Deal, en raison de leur non-conformité à la Constitution.

📝 Points essentiels

• The plan was referred to as the Court-packing plan.
• La Cour suprême, dominée par des conservateurs, a invalidé plusieurs programmes du New Deal, dont la NRA et l'AAA.

💡 À retenir

La confrontation entre le pouvoir exécutif et la Cour suprême a profondément marqué la politique américaine, illustrant les tensions entre branches du gouvernement et influençant l'évolution du New Deal.

📖 11. Économie keynésienne, législation électorale et critiques du New Deal

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Economy took another : In 1937, the economy took another downturn.

📝 Points essentiels

• Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939.
• Face à la rechute économique de 1937, Roosevelt a adopté les principes keynésiens de déficit public pour stimuler la demande.

💡 À retenir

Le New Deal a adapté sa politique économique en intégrant le déficit public keynésien pour relancer l'économie, mais a rencontré des limites politiques avec la contestation de la Cour suprême et des critiques sur ses coûts et son interventionnisme, tandis que la crise persistait jusqu'à la guerre.

📖 12. Bilan politique et économique de Roosevelt face à la Grande Dépression

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Roosevelt administration also cut back : The period during which Roosevelt's government reduced public spending in an effort to maintain a balanced budget, contributing to an economic downturn in 1937.
• Roosevelt believed that the government : Morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le New Deal a renforcé le rôle du gouvernement fédéral dans l'économie et la société américaine.
• Roosevelt a sauvé le capitalisme en corrigeant ses défauts majeurs, évitant une montée plus forte du socialisme.

💡 À retenir

Despite its economic limitations, the New Deal had a lasting impact by expanding federal government power and reshaping American society, while providing crucial relief during the Great Depression.

🧩 Compléments de couverture

1. Détail source à réviser : Harding was inaugurated in 1921. He was unable to detect corruption in his own staff and famous for never saying « no » to lobbies, for fear of their reactions. In his government, Andrew Mellon, the multimillionaire alum (Source: "Harding was inaugurated in 1921. He was unable to detect corruption in his own staff and famous for never saying « no » to lobbies, for fear of their reactions. In his government, Andrew Mellon, the multimillionaire aluminum of Pittsburgh, was the Secretary of the Treasury, Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce. The brightest and most capable public")
2. Détail source à réviser : the worst, including Harry M. Daugherty, a crook who was the Attorney General. Economically and socially, industrialists wanted the government to stop legislating business and to help businesses make profits. Indeed, the (Source: "the worst, including Harry M. Daugherty, a crook who was the Attorney General. Economically and socially, industrialists wanted the government to stop legislating business and to help businesses make profits. Indeed, the Supreme Court struck down progressive legislation, ruled in Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) that women did not deserve special")
3. Détail source à réviser : Harding could expand without worries of antitrust laws. The Aftermath of War. Industrialists convinced the government to release control that it had installed on the economy: en1920, a law authorized the government to se (Source: "Harding could expand without worries of antitrust laws. The Aftermath of War. Industrialists convinced the government to release control that it had installed on the economy: en1920, a law authorized the government to sell its wartime fleet of 1500 vessels at extremely low prices. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens : because the Treaty of Versailles was")
4. Détail source à réviser : !). Obviously, Isolationism was prominent in Washington. Harding hated the League of Nations and he refused to support the League's world health program. In the same time, the USA secured the rights for American oil comp (Source: "!). Obviously, Isolationism was prominent in Washington. Harding hated the League of Nations and he refused to support the League's world health program. In the same time, the USA secured the rights for American oil companies to share oil lands in the Middle East with Britain. In the late 1920s, Americans called for the "outlaw of war." Calvin")
5. Détail source à réviser : Pact of Paris, it was ratified by 62 nations... but it had a big exception: defensive wars were still permitted. Towards Higher Tariffs. Businessmen did not want Europe flooding American markets with cheap goods after th (Source: "Pact of Paris, it was ratified by 62 nations... but it had a big exception: defensive wars were still permitted. Towards Higher Tariffs. Businessmen did not want Europe flooding American markets with cheap goods after the war. Congress passed aTariff Law in 1922, raising the tariff from 27% to 35%. Presidents Harding and Coolidge were much more prone to")
6. Détail source à réviser : to pay back its war debts. Europeans responded by also increasing tariffs. The taste of scandals. In 1923, Colonel Charles R. Forbes, head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government. Bef _(Source: "to pay back its war debts. Europeans responded by also increasing tariffs. The taste of scandals. In 1923, Colonel Charles R. Forbes, head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing$200 million from the government. Before him, in 1921, the secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer valuable oil-laden land")_
7. Détail source à réviser : Attorney General Daugherty was accused of illegal selling pardons and liquor permits. President Harding died in 1923 (pneumonia and thrombosis). Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency. "Silent Cal" was e (Source: "Attorney General Daugherty was accused of illegal selling pardons and liquor permits. President Harding died in 1923 (pneumonia and thrombosis). Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency. "Silent Cal" was extremely shy and delivered very 1 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 boring speeches !")
8. Détail source à réviser : government stopped guaranteeing high prices and other nations started to grow more crops. Machines also enabled farmers to grow more crops, but this created crop surpluses, which decreased prices. Calvin Coolidge won the (Source: "government stopped guaranteeing high prices and other nations started to grow more crops. Machines also enabled farmers to grow more crops, but this created crop surpluses, which decreased prices. Calvin Coolidge won the election of 1924. Isolationism continued in his second term. After WWI, America became a creditor to the world, loaning money to")
9. Détail source à réviser : Allies protested the debt, pointing out that they had lost many troops and that America should just write off the loans as war costs. Unraveling the Debt Knot. America's demand for repayment from France and Britain cause (Source: "Allies protested the debt, pointing out that they had lost many troops and that America should just write off the loans as war costs. Unraveling the Debt Knot. America's demand for repayment from France and Britain caused these countries to demand war reparations from Germany. The Allies hoped to pay their American debts with the money received from")
10. Détail source à réviser : allowed for Americans to make private loans to Germany. The Germans used these loans to pay the reparations, which the Allies used to pay the war debts to the Americans. A downturn in the global economy disrupted the flo (Source: "allowed for Americans to make private loans to Germany. The Germans used these loans to pay the reparations, which the Allies used to pay the war debts to the Americans. A downturn in the global economy disrupted the flow of money, and because of this, the United States never fully received its war repayments from Europe. The Triumph of Herbert Hoover,")
11. Détail source à réviser : individualism, free enterprise, and small government. He was an efficient leader. For the first time, the radio was widely used in election campaigns. It mostly helped Hoover's campaign. The disorganized wage earners and (Source: "individualism, free enterprise, and small government. He was an efficient leader. For the first time, the radio was widely used in election campaigns. It mostly helped Hoover's campaign. The disorganized wage earners and the disorganized farmers were not getting rich in the growing economy. The Agricultural Marketing Act, passed in 1929, was designed")
12. Détail source à réviser : agriculture prices. The corporations failed after farmers produced too much surplus, exceeding the budget of the Board. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 was intended to be a mild tariff, but Congress tacked on several ame (Source: "agriculture prices. The corporations failed after farmers produced too much surplus, exceeding the budget of the Board. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 was intended to be a mild tariff, but Congress tacked on several amendments, turning it into a bill that raised the tariff to 60%. This was the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. The tariff")
13. Détail source à réviser : Black Tuesday" of October 24, 1929 The Great Crash ends the Golden Twenties. The stock market crashed in October 1929. It was partially triggered by the British, who raised interest rates in an attempt to bring back the (Source: "Black Tuesday" of October 24, 1929 The Great Crash ends the Golden Twenties. The stock market crashed in October 1929. It was partially triggered by the British, who raised interest rates in an attempt to bring back the capital attracted abroad by American investment. The British needed money and they were unable to trade with the United States due to")
14. Détail source à réviser : crash, shareholders have lost $40 billion, millions have lost their jobs and thousands of banks have closed. The United States was the hardest hit industrialized country. This crash led to the Great Depression. One of th _(Source: "crash, shareholders have lost$40 billion, millions have lost their jobs and thousands of banks have closed. The United States was the hardest hit industrialized country. This crash led to the Great Depression. One of the main causes was the overproduction of farms and factories. The nation's ability to produce goods had exceeded its ability to consume or")_
15. Détail source à réviser : In the 1930s, a drought scorched the Mississippi Valley, leading to the sale of thousands of 2 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 farms. At the same time thousands of Americans h (Source: "In the 1930s, a drought scorched the Mississippi Valley, leading to the sale of thousands of 2 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 farms. At the same time thousands of Americans have been left homeless: Hoovervilles are the nickname for tin and paper slums. President Hoover initially believed that industry and")
16. Détail source à réviser : that the welfare of the people in a national disaster was a direct concern of the government. Hoover hatched a plan in which the government would help the railroads, banks, and finance companies, but his efforts were cri (Source: "that the welfare of the people in a national disaster was a direct concern of the government. Hoover hatched a plan in which the government would help the railroads, banks, and finance companies, but his efforts were criticized because he gave government money to big bankers who allegedly started the depression. He also convinced Congress to")
17. Détail source à réviser : he vetoed the Muscle Shoals bill, which sought to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-generated electricity in competition with citizens in private companies. Bonus Army Routing in Washington. WWI veterans were h (Source: "he vetoed the Muscle Shoals bill, which sought to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-generated electricity in competition with citizens in private companies. Bonus Army Routing in Washington. WWI veterans were hit hard by the Great Depression. They converged on the Capitol in the summer of 1932. They demanded that Congress pay in full the deferred")
18. Détail source à réviser : President Hoover sent the army to evacuate the group: riots and incidents, growing public contempt for Hoover. ELECTION OF 1932 The republican party is running Herbert Hoover for a second term (president during the Wall (Source: "President Hoover sent the army to evacuate the group: riots and incidents, growing public contempt for Hoover. ELECTION OF 1932 The republican party is running Herbert Hoover for a second term (president during the Wall Street Crash, he who favored individualism in the crisis and a non-intervention of the federal government). Hoover believed that the worst")
19. Détail source à réviser : Republican party because of the dire economic state of the country. The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) who promises the American people a New Deal : there is no clear plan laid out (what is he going to d (Source: "Republican party because of the dire economic state of the country. The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) who promises the American people a New Deal : there is no clear plan laid out (what is he going to do if elected ?!), but in 1932 the unemployment rate is 25 %, with a growing frustration because of a limited response of the federal")
20. Détail source à réviser : Electoral College. Beginning in the election of 1932, blacks became a vital part of the Democratic Party. Who is FDR ? He had been born to a wealthy New York family and served as the governor of New York. He was a very g (Source: "Electoral College. Beginning in the election of 1932, blacks became a vital part of the Democratic Party. Who is FDR ? He had been born to a wealthy New York family and served as the governor of New York. He was a very good public speaker. A politician in a wheelchair too (polio had left him paralized from the waist down). FDR's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt,")
21. Détail source à réviser : was herself born Roosevelt, niece of US President Theodore Roosevelt]. FDR and the 3 R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Relief (from people struggling) Recovery (for the economy) Reform (with the idea that this situation will (Source: "was herself born Roosevelt, niece of US President Theodore Roosevelt]. FDR and the 3 R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Relief (from people struggling) Recovery (for the economy) Reform (with the idea that this situation will never happen again) On March 6-10, President Roosevelt declared a national banking holiday as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder")
22. Détail source à réviser : of the country. Short-term-effect goals were relief and immediate recovery, and long- 3 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 range goals were permanent recovery and reform. Some of (Source: "of the country. Short-term-effect goals were relief and immediate recovery, and long- 3 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 range goals were permanent recovery and reform. Some of the New Deal programs gave the President unprecedented powers, which included the ability of the President to create legislation. Many of")
23. Détail source à réviser : Roosevelt extraordinary blank-check powers ! The New Deal legislation embraced progressive ideas like unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation and development of natural resources (Source: "Roosevelt extraordinary blank-check powers ! The New Deal legislation embraced progressive ideas like unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation and development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933, which gave the President power to")
24. Détail source à réviser : he soothed the public's confidence in banks. He took the nation off of the gold standard by having the Treasury buy gold from citizens. From this point on, only transactions in paper money were accepted. One of the FDR's (Source: "he soothed the public's confidence in banks. He took the nation off of the gold standard by having the Treasury buy gold from citizens. From this point on, only transactions in paper money were accepted. One of the FDR's goals was to create modest inflation. This would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production. This policy increased the")
25. Détail source à réviser : jobs with federal money to jumpstart the economy. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed about 3 million men in government camps. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainag (Source: "jobs with federal money to jumpstart the economy. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed about 3 million men in government camps. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage. The Federal Emergency Relief Act was Congress's first major effort to deal with the massive unemployment. It created the Federal")
26. Détail source à réviser : Works Administration (CWA), a branch of the FERA, was designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs. Relief was given to (Source: "Works Administration (CWA), a branch of the FERA, was designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs. Relief was given to the farmers with the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), making available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages. The")
27. Détail source à réviser : unemployment continued to plague the nation. Congress passed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935, with the objective of providing employment for useful projects (i.e. the construction of buildings, roads, etc (Source: "unemployment continued to plague the nation. Congress passed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935, with the objective of providing employment for useful projects (i.e. the construction of buildings, roads, etc.). Taxpayers criticized the agency for paying people to do "useless" jobs such as painting murals. New Visibility for Women. Women")
28. Détail source à réviser : made strides in the field of anthropology. Pearl Buck wrote about Chinese peasant society; won a Nobel Prize in literature in 1938. Finally, a head cornerstone New Deal agency was the National Recovery Administration (NR (Source: "made strides in the field of anthropology. Pearl Buck wrote about Chinese peasant society; won a Nobel Prize in literature in 1938. Finally, a head cornerstone New Deal agency was the National Recovery Administration (NRA). It was designed to bring industries together to create a set of "fair" business practices (fair to business and workers).")
29. Détail source à réviser : The NRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 (Schechter vs. United States), because the NRA gave legislative powers to the President, and it allowed Congress to control individual business, not just (Source: "The NRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 (Schechter vs. United States), because the NRA gave legislative powers to the President, and it allowed Congress to control individual business, not just interstate commerce. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was intended to provide long-term recovery. Headed by Harold L. Ickes,")
30. Détail source à réviser : prohibition with the 21st Amendment in late 1933 to raise federal revenue and provide employment. Paying Farmers Not to Farm. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) attempted to reduce crop surpluses, which led (Source: "prohibition with the 21st Amendment in late 1933 to raise federal revenue and provide employment. Paying Farmers Not to Farm. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) attempted to reduce crop surpluses, which led to lower crop prices. The AAA established standard "parity prices" for basic commodities. The agency also paid farmers to not farm")
31. Détail source à réviser : were illegal. In a second attempt to make farmers farm less, Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936. Under the guise of conservation, it reduced crop acreage by paying farmers to plant s (Source: "were illegal. In a second attempt to make farmers farm less, Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936. Under the guise of conservation, it reduced crop acreage by paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops.The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued conservation payments; if farmers obeyed acreage")
32. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards. Late in 1933, the Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. It was caused by drought, wind, and over-farming of the land. The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankrup (Source: "1919-1939 Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards. Late in 1933, the Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. It was caused by drought, wind, and over-farming of the land. The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in 1934, suspended mortgage foreclosures on farms for 5 years. It was struck down in 1935 by the Supreme Court.")
33. Détail source à réviser : encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions. 77 tribes refused to organize under the law, while hundreds did organize. Battling Bankers and Big Busine (Source: "encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions. 77 tribes refused to organize under the law, while hundreds did organize. Battling Bankers and Big Business. To protect the public against investment fraud, Congress passed the "Truth in Securities Act" (Federal Securities Act). It required")
34. Détail source à réviser : (SEC) was created in 1934. It provided oversight of the stock market. TVA Harnesses the Tennessee. New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of charging the public too much money for electricity. In 1933, the Hundr (Source: "(SEC) was created in 1934. It provided oversight of the stock market. TVA Harnesses the Tennessee. New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of charging the public too much money for electricity. In 1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). It was designed to construct dams on the Tennessee River. In addition to")
35. Détail source à réviser : was required to produce and distribute electricity. This would be a metric that the government could use to assess the rates charged by private companies. The TVA turned a poverty-stricken area into one of the most flour (Source: "was required to produce and distribute electricity. This would be a metric that the government could use to assess the rates charged by private companies. The TVA turned a poverty-stricken area into one of the most flourishing regions in the United States. Conservatives viewed the New Deal programs as "socialistic", and they ultimately helped limit the")
36. Détail source à réviser : in 1934, attempted to improve the home-building industry. It gave small loans to homeowners for the purpose of improving their homes and buying new ones. The US Housing Authority (USHA) was passed in 1937. It was designe (Source: "in 1934, attempted to improve the home-building industry. It gave small loans to homeowners for the purpose of improving their homes and buying new ones. The US Housing Authority (USHA) was passed in 1937. It was designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost housing developments.The Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal-state")
37. Détail source à réviser : from Washington. Social Security was inspired by the example of some of the more highly industrialized nations of Europe. The purpose of Social Security was to provide support for urbanized Americans who could not suppor (Source: "from Washington. Social Security was inspired by the example of some of the more highly industrialized nations of Europe. The purpose of Social Security was to provide support for urbanized Americans who could not support themselves with a farm. In the past, Americans could support themselves by growing food on their farm. Now, they relied solely on")
38. Détail source à réviser : Deal Labor. Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) to help labor unions. This law created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and it reasserted the rights (Source: "Deal Labor. Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) to help labor unions. This law created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and it reasserted the rights of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice. Unskilled workers began to")
39. Détail source à réviser : (CIO) in 1935. The CIO led a series of strikes, including the sit-down strike at the General Motors automobile factory in 1936. Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) in 1938. Industries invo (Source: "(CIO) in 1935. The CIO led a series of strikes, including the sit-down strike at the General Motors automobile factory in 1936. Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) in 1938. Industries involved in interstate 6 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 commerce were to set up")
40. Détail source à réviser : L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations." The CIO was led by John Lewis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members. ELECTION OF 1936 Landon Chall (Source: "L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations." The CIO was led by John Lewis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members. ELECTION OF 1936 Landon Challenges "the Champ". The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt in the election of 1936. The Republicans")
41. Détail source à réviser : from the millions of people that had benefited from the New Deal programs. FDR was reelected as president in a lopsided victory. FDR won primarily because he had appealed to the "forgotten man" (the South, blacks, urbani (Source: "from the millions of people that had benefited from the New Deal programs. FDR was reelected as president in a lopsided victory. FDR won primarily because he had appealed to the "forgotten man" (the South, blacks, urbanites, the poor). Nine Old Men on the Bench. Ratified in 1933, the 20th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6")
42. Détail source à réviser : who attempted to stop many of the "socialistic" New Deal programs. With continous Democrat wins in Congress and the presidency, Roosevelt felt that the American people wanted the New Deal. He argued that the Supreme Cour (Source: "who attempted to stop many of the "socialistic" New Deal programs. With continous Democrat wins in Congress and the presidency, Roosevelt felt that the American people wanted the New Deal. He argued that the Supreme Court needed to get in line with public opinion. In 1937, Roosevelt proposed legislation that would allow him to add liberal")
43. Détail source à réviser : much negative feedback. The plan was referred to as the Court-packing plan. The Court Changes Course. The public criticized Roosevelt for attempting to tamper with the Supreme Court. This was an affront on the system of (Source: "much negative feedback. The plan was referred to as the Court-packing plan. The Court Changes Course. The public criticized Roosevelt for attempting to tamper with the Supreme Court. This was an affront on the system of checks and balances. Possibly to due public pressure, the Supreme Court began to support New Deal legislation. This included Justice Owen")
44. Détail source à réviser : to appoint 9 justices to the Court. The Supreme Court controversy in 1937 cost FDR a lot of political capital. Because of this, few New Deal reforms were passed after 1937. The Twilight of the New Deal. In Roosevelt's fi (Source: "to appoint 9 justices to the Court. The Supreme Court controversy in 1937 cost FDR a lot of political capital. Because of this, few New Deal reforms were passed after 1937. The Twilight of the New Deal. In Roosevelt's first term, from 1933-1937, unemployment still ran high and recovery had been slow. In 1937, the economy took another downturn. It was")
45. Détail source à réviser : also cut back on spending in an attempt to keep a balanced budget. (The New Deal had run deficits for several years, but all of them had been somewhat small and none was intended.) The downturn led FDR to embrace the rec (Source: "also cut back on spending in an attempt to keep a balanced budget. (The New Deal had run deficits for several years, but all of them had been somewhat small and none was intended.) The downturn led FDR to embrace the recommendations of the British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesianism Economics: government money is used to "prime the pump"")
46. Détail source à réviser : Act of 1939. It prevented federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting. It also forbade the use of government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contri (Source: "Act of 1939. It prevented federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting. It also forbade the use of government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments. 7 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 New Deal")
47. Détail source à réviser : the national debt. From 1932 to 1939, the national debt increased from $19 trillion to$40 trillion. The Federal government became much more powerful under FDR. The New Deal did not end the depression; it just gave tempo (Source: "the national debt. From 1932 to 1939, the national debt increased from $19 trillion to$40 trillion. The Federal government became much more powerful under FDR. The New Deal did not end the depression; it just gave temporary relief to citizens. Many economists eventually argued that not enough deficit spending was used. Despite the New Deal programs'")
48. Détail source à réviser : New Deal supporters had argued out that relief, not the economy, was the primary objective of their war on the Depression. Roosevelt believed that the government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by (Source: "New Deal supporters had argued out that relief, not the economy, was the primary objective of their war on the Depression. Roosevelt believed that the government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy. FDR potentially saved capitalism by eliminating some of its worst faults (ex: poor labor conditions). Had his")
49. Détail source à réviser : v. Children's Hospital (1923) that women did not deserve special protection in the workplace (Source: "v. Children's Hospital (1923) that women did not deserve special protection in the workplace")
50. Détail source à réviser : B. Kellogg signed with the French foreign minister in 1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Source: "B. Kellogg signed with the French foreign minister in 1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact")
51. Détail source à réviser : B. Fall, convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer valuable oil-laden land to the Interior Department (the land was owned by the navy) (Source: "B. Fall, convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer valuable oil-laden land to the Interior Department (the land was owned by the navy)")
52. Détail source à réviser : 1923 (pneumonia and thrombosis). Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency. "Silent Cal" was extremely shy and delivered very 1 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 b (Source: "1923 (pneumonia and thrombosis). Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency. "Silent Cal" was extremely shy and delivered very 1 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 boring speeches ! Coolidge did not change t")
53. Détail source à réviser : 1924 addressed the debt repayment issue (Source: "1924 addressed the debt repayment issue")
54. Détail source à réviser : 1930 was intended to be a mild tariff, but Congress tacked on several amendments, turning it into a bill that raised the tariff to 60% (Source: "1930 was intended to be a mild tariff, but Congress tacked on several amendments, turning it into a bill that raised the tariff to 60%")
55. Détail source à réviser : 1929, millions of shares are sold in panic: two months after the initial crash, shareholders have lost $40 billion, millions have lost their jobs and thousands of banks have closed _(Source: "1929, millions of shares are sold in panic: two months after the initial crash, shareholders have lost$40 billion, millions have lost their jobs and thousands of banks have closed")_
56. Détail source à réviser : billion to useful public works (eg the Hoover Dam) but opposed any project he considered "socialist". For example, he vetoed the Muscle Shoals bill, which sought to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-generated e (Source: "billion to useful public works (eg the Hoover Dam) but opposed any project he considered "socialist". For example, he vetoed the Muscle Shoals bill, which sought to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-generated electricity in competition with citizens")
57. Détail source à réviser : 1932 The republican party is running Herbert Hoover for a second term (president during the Wall Street Crash, he who favored individualism in the crisis and a non-intervention of the federal government) (Source: "1932 The republican party is running Herbert Hoover for a second term (president during the Wall Street Crash, he who favored individualism in the crisis and a non-intervention of the federal government)")
58. Détail source à réviser : 1932 the unemployment rate is 25 %, with a growing frustration because of a limited response of the federal governement under Hoover (Source: "1932 the unemployment rate is 25 %, with a growing frustration because of a limited response of the federal governement under Hoover")
59. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 range goals were permanent recovery and reform (Source: "1919-1939 range goals were permanent recovery and reform")
60. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 FDR also created jobs with federal money to jumpstart the economy (Source: "1919-1939 FDR also created jobs with federal money to jumpstart the economy")
61. Détail source à réviser : Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs. (Source: "Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs.")
62. Détail source à réviser : 1935 (Schechter vs (Source: "1935 (Schechter vs")
63. Détail source à réviser : L. Ickes, the agency spent over $4 billion on thousands of projects, including public buildings, highways, and dams _(Source: "L. Ickes, the agency spent over$4 billion on thousands of projects, including public buildings, highways, and dams")_
64. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards (Source: "1919-1939 Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards")
65. Détail source à réviser : 1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (Source: "1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)")
66. Détail source à réviser : 1934, attempted to improve the home-building industry (Source: "1934, attempted to improve the home-building industry")
67. Détail source à réviser : 1935 (Wagner Act) to help labor unions (Source: "1935 (Wagner Act) to help labor unions")
68. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels (Source: "1919-1939 commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels")
69. Détail source à réviser : 1937, Roosevelt proposed legislation that would allow him to add liberal justices to the Court: a new justice would be added for every member over the age of 70 who would not retire (Source: "1937, Roosevelt proposed legislation that would allow him to add liberal justices to the Court: a new justice would be added for every member over the age of 70 who would not retire")
70. Détail source à réviser : 1933-1937, unemployment still ran high and recovery had been slow (Source: "1933-1937, unemployment still ran high and recovery had been slow")
71. Détail source à réviser : 7 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 New Deal or Raw Deal? Opponents of the New Deal charged the President of spending too much money on his programs, significantly increasing th (Source: "7 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 New Deal or Raw Deal? Opponents of the New Deal charged the President of spending too much money on his programs, significantly increasing the national debt. From 1932 to 1939, the national debt increa")
72. Détail source à réviser : t believed that the government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy. FDR potentially saved capitalism by eliminating some of its worst faults (ex: poor labor conditions). Had (Source: "t believed that the government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy. FDR potentially saved capitalism by eliminating some of its worst faults (ex: poor labor conditions). Had his programs not been implemented, Socia")
73. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 New Deal or Raw Deal (Source: "1919-1939 New Deal or Raw Deal")
74. Détail source à réviser : 1919-1939 boring speeches (Source: "1919-1939 boring speeches")
75. Détail source à réviser : 1935, the Resettlement Administration, moved near-farmless farmers to better lands (Source: "1935, the Resettlement Administration, moved near-farmless farmers to better lands")
76. Détail source à réviser : 1934 encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions (Source: "1934 encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions")
77. Détail source à réviser : 7 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 New Deal or Raw Deal (Source: "7 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 New Deal or Raw Deal")
78. Détail source à réviser : In Roosevelt's first term, from 1933-1937, unemployment still ran high and recovery had been slow (Source: "In Roosevelt's first term, from 1933-1937, unemployment still ran high and recovery had been slow")
79. Détail source à réviser : 1932 to 1939, the national debt increased from $19 trillion to$40 trillion (Source: "1932 to 1939, the national debt increased from $19 trillion to$40 trillion")
80. Détail source à réviser : 1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Source: "1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact")
81. Détail source à réviser : "Silent Cal" was extremely shy and delivered very 1 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 boring speeches (Source: ""Silent Cal" was extremely shy and delivered very 1 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 boring speeches")
82. Détail source à réviser : 1933, the Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains (Source: "1933, the Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains")
83. Détail source à réviser : 1935 provided federal-state unemployment insurance (Source: "1935 provided federal-state unemployment insurance")
84. Détail source à réviser : M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt in the election of 1936 (Source: "M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt in the election of 1936")
85. Détail source à réviser : 1933, the 20th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks (Source: "1933, the 20th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks")
86. Détail source à réviser : ritish economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesianism Economics: government money is used to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending; this policy intentionally creates a budget deficit. Congress pass (Source: "ritish economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesianism Economics: government money is used to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending; this policy intentionally creates a budget deficit. Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939. It prevented federal")
87. Détail source à réviser : In the 1930s, a drought scorched the Mississippi Valley, leading to the sale of thousands of 2 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 farms (Source: "In the 1930s, a drought scorched the Mississippi Valley, leading to the sale of thousands of 2 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 farms")
88. Détail source à réviser : Short-term-effect goals were relief and immediate recovery, and long- 3 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 range goals were permanent recovery and reform (Source: "Short-term-effect goals were relief and immediate recovery, and long- 3 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 range goals were permanent recovery and reform")
89. Détail source à réviser : 4 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 FDR also created jobs with federal money to jumpstart the economy (Source: "4 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 FDR also created jobs with federal money to jumpstart the economy")
90. Détail source à réviser : 5 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards (Source: "5 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards")
91. Détail source à réviser : Industries involved in interstate 6 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels (Source: "Industries involved in interstate 6 TOPIC 01 : Fragilities of democracies and rise of totalitarianisms 1919-1939 commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels")
92. Détail source à réviser : 1924 (payment was to be paid in 1945) (Source: "1924 (payment was to be paid in 1945)")
93. Détail source à réviser : The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) who promises the American people a New Deal : there is no clear plan laid out (what is he going to do if elected ?!), but in 1932 the unemployment rate is 25 %, with a (Source: "The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) who promises the American people a New Deal : there is no clear plan laid out (what is he going to do if elected ?!), but in 1932 the unemployment rate is 25 %, with a growing frustration because of a limited response of the fed")
94. Détail source à réviser : 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations (Source: "1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations")
95. Détail source à réviser : under the age of 16 was forbidden. In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations." The CIO was led by John Lewis. By 19 (Source: "under the age of 16 was forbidden. In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations." The CIO was led by John Lewis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members. ELECTION OF 1936 Landon")
96. Détail source à réviser : wis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members. ELECTION OF 1936 Landon Challenges "the Champ". The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt in the election of 1936. The Republicans co (Source: "wis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members. ELECTION OF 1936 Landon Challenges "the Champ". The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt in the election of 1936. The Republicans condemned the New Deal for its radicalism,")

📅 Repères chronologiques

📊 Tableaux de Synthèse

Comparaison des politiques économiques des années 1920 et 1930

Réformes sociales et syndicales sous le New Deal

⚠️ Pièges & Confusions Fréquentes

1. Confusion entre la politique de Harding et celle de Coolidge, deux présidents différents.
2. Confusion entre la gestion de la dette de guerre et la politique économique intérieure.
3. Mélange des dates de la Grande Dépression et des événements politiques.
4. Confusion entre les programmes du New Deal et leurs objectifs.
5. Erreur dans la chronologie des réformes sociales et syndicales.
6. Confusion entre la législation électorale et les critiques politiques.
7. Mélange des effets économiques et sociaux des politiques.

✅ Checklist Examen

1. Vérifier la date d'inauguration de Harding en 1921.
2. Revoir la décision Adkins v. Children's Hospital de 1923.
3. Étudier le Pacte Kellogg-Briand de 1928.
4. Comprendre la gestion de la dette de guerre et le plan Dawes.
5. Analyser la réponse de Hoover à la crise de 1929.
6. Connaître les principales mesures du New Deal.
7. Étudier les réformes du travail et les relations syndicales dans les années 1930.
8. Revoir la confrontation avec la Cour suprême.
9. Comprendre l'influence de l'économie keynésienne.
10. Connaître la législation électorale de la période.
11. Analyser le bilan politique et économique de Roosevelt.