1902
Explication
Giuseppe Mercalli developed the Mercalli scale in 1902 to measure earthquake intensity based on observed effects and damage, making this the correct answer.
In the early 20th century
Explication
The classification of volcanoes into shield and composite types became widely recognized in scientific literature during the early 20th century, around 1910, as geologists studied eruption styles and volcano shapes to categorize different volcano types.
Long-term social disruption and economic costs such as rebuilding infrastructure and loss of tourism
Explication
The correct answer is that volcanic eruptions can cause long-term social disruption and economic costs, including damage to infrastructure, homelessness, and a decline in tourism. These impacts are explicitly mentioned as consequences of volcanic activity. The other options are either not supported by the content or are misconceptions; for example, volcanic ash can temporarily cool the climate, but the question focuses on broader effects, and increased temperatures or enhanced productivity are not the primary consequences discussed.
Implement early warning systems and evacuation plans
Explication
Implementing early warning systems and evacuation plans allows communities to respond promptly to volcanic eruptions, reducing risk and saving lives. The other options are either impractical or increase danger.
To drive the movement of tectonic plates
Explication
Convection currents in the mantle are responsible for driving the movement of tectonic plates, which causes phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation. They do not directly cause eruptions, form the crust, or cool the Earth's core.
A solid ball composed mainly of iron and nickel
Explication
The Earth's inner core is a solid sphere primarily made of iron and nickel, remaining solid due to the immense pressure despite the high temperature.
The focus is the point inside Earth where the earthquake originates, while the epicentre is the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus.
Explication
The focus is the point inside Earth where the earthquake begins, and the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus. They are related but distinct; the focus is the origin of seismic energy, while the epicentre is the surface location most affected.
Charles F. Richter
Explication
Charles F. Richter is credited with proposing the Richter scale in 1935, which is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes objectively. Giuseppe Mercalli developed a different scale based on observed effects, not magnitude.
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Earth's innermost layer —?
Solid, mainly iron and nickel
Outer core —?
Liquid, generates Earth's magnetic field
Mantle —?
Semi-molten rock, drives plate movement
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