Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith in 1968
Explication
Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith discovered restriction endonucleases in 1968, which are enzymes crucial for DNA analysis and fingerprinting techniques. This fact is explicitly stated in the content.
Werner Arber in 1962
Explication
Werner Arber, along with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for discovering restriction enzymes, which are crucial for DNA fragment analysis in fingerprinting.
A double helix composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate backbone
Explication
The correct answer is a double helix composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate backbone, which is the fundamental structure of DNA as described in the source. The other options describe RNA, proteins, or are incorrect representations of DNA.
To separate DNA fragments based on size
Explication
Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments primarily based on their size, with smaller fragments migrating faster through the gel matrix.
Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups
Explication
The DNA backbone is made up of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups, providing structural support to the molecule.
The length of individual DNA pieces after digestion
Explication
DNA fragment size refers to the length of individual DNA pieces produced after enzymatic digestion, which is crucial for analysis in fingerprinting.
A with T and G with C
Explication
In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, following the specific hydrogen bonding rules established by Watson and Crick.
It visualizes DNA fragments under UV light
Explication
DNA staining involves using dyes that bind to DNA and fluoresce under UV light, allowing visualization of DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis.
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DNA structure — components?
Double helix with bases, sugar, phosphate backbone.
DNA components?
Bases, sugar, phosphate backbone.
Base pairing — rules?
A pairs with T; G pairs with C.
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