Double helix
Explication
The structure of DNA, as elucidated by Watson and Crick in 1953, is a double helix, meaning two strands wound around each other in a spiral. This configuration provides stability and is fundamental to DNA's function in genetic information storage and replication.
Four
Explication
DNA contains four types of nucleotides, distinguished by their bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. This limited set underpins genetic variability and information encoding.
To duplicate the cell's genetic material
Explication
DNA replication's main function is to duplicate the cell's genetic material, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical copy during cell division.
1953
Explication
The structure of DNA, including the understanding of replication enzymes and strands, was first established by Watson and Crick in 1953, when they published their famous paper describing the double helix.
Both occur in the nucleus
Explication
Both transcription and DNA replication occur in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which is the site where genetic information is stored and copied. This similarity in location distinguishes them from processes like translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm.
James Watson and Francis Crick
Explication
Watson and Crick are credited with discovering and proposing the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, making them the correct answer. Franklin contributed X-ray images that helped elucidate the structure but did not formulate the model herself. Pauling proposed an alternative structure, and Wilkins collaborated with Franklin but did not formulate the double helix.
The sequence of the codogenic strand determines the sequence of the transcribed mRNA
Explication
The transcription of the codogenic (sense) strand causes the mRNA to have a sequence identical to it (except for uracil replacing thymine), thus directly influencing the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein. Therefore, the sequence of the codogenic strand determines the mRNA sequence, making it the correct effect.
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome, and tRNA functions as an adaptor that delivers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Explication
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome, where tRNA's primary role is to carry specific amino acids to the ribosome and match them to mRNA codons through its anticodon, facilitating protein synthesis.
It is universal and redundant, with most amino acids encoded by multiple codons.
Explication
The genetic code is considered universal because it is used by nearly all organisms, and redundant because most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. This universality supports common evolutionary origins, and redundancy provides error tolerance during translation.
Translation
Explication
The process where the sequence of mRNA is used to assemble a chain of amino acids is called translation. It occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm and involves decoding the mRNA's codons into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.
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DNA double helix — structure?
Two strands wound in a spiral.
DNA packaging — process?
DNA wraps around histones to form chromosomes.
3‘- and 5‘- ends — orientation?
Determine DNA strand directionality and replication.
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