Fiche de révision : Économie et société aux États-Unis

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Avant les États-Unis
2. Jamestown et les systèmes de travail
3. Les colonies et leurs économies
4. Guerre de Sept Ans et crise impériale
5. Fiscalité et pouvoir constitutionnel

📅 Repères chronologiques

1. 11th centuryVikings travelled to and settled in North America
2. October 12th 1492Christopher Columbus landed on Guanahani, an island he renamed San Salvador, in the Bahamas, while believing he had reached Asia
3. 1620The Pilgrim Fathers, religious dissidents from the Anglican Church known as Puritans, arrived in New England aboard the Mayflower
4. 1756–63Britain won a global war in the Seven Years’ War

📖 1. Avant les États-Unis

★ À maîtriser

• The first encounter associated with Columbus’s arrival became a global turning point: the Native American population fell from 3 to 10 million in 1492 to 250,000 by the end of the nineteenth century.

Compléments

• October 12th, Columbus Day, is increasingly recognized as Indigenous People’s Day.

💡 Astuce mémo

Rencontre de 1492 → bouleversement démographique et mondial

📖 2. Jamestown et les systèmes de travail

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Indentured servitude : A contract for a limited term in which passage was exchanged for labour, with possible freedom at the end
• Racial slavery : A hereditary and lifelong status in which people were treated as property and controlled through colonial law

📝 Points essentiels

• Jamestown developed from a search for precious metals and rapid investment returns in 1607 to profitable tobacco exports from 1612–17, the arrival of the first slaves in 1619, and the Virginia Slave Code in 1705.

📌 Labour became an economic institution because lawmakers defined whose labour could be owned, showing that economic advantage depended on political power.

💡 Astuce mémo

Servitude sous contrat ≠ esclavage racial

📖 3. Les colonies et leurs économies

★ À maîtriser

• The Mayflower Compact established self-government and is widely viewed as a foundation of American democracy.

• The Middle Colonies were:

  • New York
  • New Jersey
  • Pennsylvania
  • Delaware

• Virginia’s colonial economy combined Jamestown, tobacco exports, large estates and bound labour.

Compléments

• New England’s colonial economy combined Plymouth, mixed farming, trade and shipping, and town communities.

• The Middle Colonies developed grain exports, ports and commerce, and ethnic diversity.

💡 Astuce mémo

Virginie, Nouvelle-Angleterre et colonies centrales suivent trois trajectoires économiques

📖 4. Guerre de Sept Ans et crise impériale

📝 Points essentiels

• 🔄 The imperial crisis developed through three decisions:
  1. The Royal Proclamation limited settlement west of the Appalachians
  2. The Quartering Act required colonial support for British troops
  3. The Stamp Act taxed printed materials and legal documents

💡 Astuce mémo

Victoire britannique → dette londonienne → taxes coloniales

📖 5. Fiscalité et pouvoir constitutionnel

★ À maîtriser

📌 “No taxation without representation” expressed a constitutional dispute over who had the legitimate power to tax, regulate trade and govern colonial property, not merely a desire to pay less tax.

Compléments

• The course examines the history of the United States through three questions: who creates wealth, who controls it and who bears the cost.

💡 Astuce mémo

Taxation without representation oppose impôt et pouvoir légitime

📊 Tableaux de synthèse

Trois économies coloniales