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Muckrakers were journalists who exposed scandals involving corruption and injustice; Theodore Roosevelt had first used the word as an insult, but journalists adopted it as an honor.
In 1902, Ida Tarbell began publishing in McClure’s a series of articles denouncing Standard Oil, Rockefeller’s company, as a monopoly harmful to buyers.
Compléments
In 1910, the word “progressivism” was becoming popular as Theodore Roosevelt attempted to create a third party to run for president.
In 1912, Congress broke Standard Oil into smaller companies.
Progressivism drew support from middle-class women, civic clubs, politically involved businesspeople, intellectuals, and some Republicans and Democrats.
Lincoln Steffens wrote about corruption in many city governments, and magazines and newspapers published muckrakers’ investigations.
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Progressive women campaigned for temperance, meaning the prohibition of alcohol, and built a strong suffragette movement.
In 1920, the 19th Amendment barred gender as a category for voting.
Wisconsin, New York, and California led state-level Progressive reforms that expanded democratic participation and regulated corporations.
Compléments
The Social Gospel encouraged Protestants to engage in American society and fight inequalities, while social sciences developed in universities.
Jane Addams fought poverty and sought to improve the conditions of immigrants.
The IWW was created by anarchists in Chicago in 1905 and was open to everyone, unlike unions that often excluded unskilled workers.
State reforms included : citizen initiatives by petition, primaries in which voters chose candidates, recall elections triggered by petitions, rules on working hours, safety, and child labor
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After President McKinley was shot and died in 1901, Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt became president at age 43, the youngest president to that point.
Theodore Roosevelt presented himself as a referee between employers and employees and supported government regulation.
Roosevelt supported the Hepburn Act to control railroads and the Pure Food and Drug Act to regulate food and pharmaceutical companies.
Compléments
In 1902, Roosevelt negotiated with Pennsylvania employers during a miners’ dispute and went to Congress to establish a new Department of Labor.
Roosevelt won the 1904 election with the program called the “Square Deal.”
Roosevelt promoted conservation and, after meeting John Muir, helped create national parks.
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📌 Wilson supported some economic and labor reforms but opposed women’s suffrage and supported racial segregation.
Compléments
Wilson réforme l’économie, mais maintient la ségrégation.
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The United States remained neutral in World War I until 1916 and continued trading with Great Britain.
Germany’s attempt to turn Mexico against the United States became a major scandal and pushed Wilson to declare war on Germany.
The United States fought in the war from April 1917 to November 1918, producing a wave of patriotic fervor.
Compléments
The United States faced a military challenge because it did not have a large army when it entered the war.
Wartime mobilization challenged civil liberties, and the government refused to tolerate some forms of opposition.
The Espionage Act was passed in 1917.
Neutralité jusqu’en 1916 → guerre en avril 1917.
Wilson went to France for six months to promote his proposed League of Nations.
The Senate rejected Wilson’s proposed League of Nations.
Teste tes connaissances sur Progressisme et guerre en Amérique avec 10 questions à choix multiples et corrections détaillées.
1. Quel changement de sens le mot « muckraker » a-t-il connu dans le contexte du progressisme américain ?
2. Quelle action Ida Tarbell a-t-elle entreprise en 1902 contre Standard Oil ?
Mémorisez les concepts clés de Progressisme et guerre en Amérique avec 10 flashcards interactives.
What did muckrakers expose, and how did journalists transform the word Roosevelt had used as an insult?
They exposed corruption and injustice, turning the insult into an honor.
In what year was “progressivism” becoming popular as Theodore Roosevelt pursued a third party?
1910.
What did the Social Gospel encourage Protestants to do in American society?
Engage in society and fight inequalities.
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