Fiche de révision : Technical English and Information Security

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Discours direct et indirect
2. Questions et consignes rapportées
3. Mots de transition dans les essais
4. Définition de la sécurité de l’information
5. Triade CIA et politique de sécurité
6. Types de sécurité de l’information
7. Vocabulaire et traduction technique

📖 1. Discours direct et indirect

★ À maîtriser

📌 Direct speech quotes the exact words spoken in quotation marks, whereas indirect or reported speech conveys the original meaning without exact quotes and often changes tense, pronouns, and time expressions.

• The main tense changes are:
  • present simple → past simple
  • present continuous → past continuous
  • past simple → past perfect
  • present perfect → past perfect
  • past continuous → past perfect continuous
  • will → would

📌 Backshifting is not applied when the reporting verb is in the present tense or when the statement expresses a general truth or an ongoing state.

• The modal changes are:
  • can → could
  • may → might
  • must / have to → had to
  • could → could
  • should → should
  • would → would
  • might → might
  • ought to → ought to

Compléments

📌 Reported speech changes reference expressions according to the reporting context: now becomes then, today becomes that day, yesterday becomes the day before, tomorrow becomes the next day, here becomes there, this becomes that, and these becomes those.

💡 Astuce mémo

Direct speech → tense backshift → pronouns and time changes

📖 2. Questions et consignes rapportées

★ À maîtriser

📌 Reported questions use normal statement word order, remove the question mark, and use if or whether for yes/no questions.

📌 Reported commands and requests use object plus to-infinitive, negative imperatives use not to-infinitive, and suggestions use verb-ing or that plus a clause.

Compléments

• The direct question “Do you like tea?” becomes “She asked me if I liked tea.” in reported speech.

💡 Astuce mémo

Yes/No → if or whether ; Wh-question → question word retained

📖 3. Mots de transition dans les essais

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Essay transition words : Words or phrases that bridge the gap between topics whose connection is not obvious and signal the type of change to the reader.

★ À maîtriser

📌 Essay transition words can begin a paragraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or individual word, but they are needed mainly when a shift in topic interrupts the writing flow.

Compléments

• Examples of contradiction transitions include:

  • however
  • nevertheless
  • nonetheless
  • on the contrary
  • on the other hand
  • unlike

• Examples of cause-and-effect transitions include:

  • as a result
  • consequently
  • due to
  • hence
  • therefore
  • thus
  • under these/those circumstances

• Summary transitions include:

  • briefly / in brief
  • in conclusion
  • in summary/summation
  • in the end
  • to summarize
  • ultimately

📖 4. Définition de la sécurité de l’information

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Information security : Also called infosec or data security, a set of practices and processes designed to protect confidential, private, and sensitive information from unauthorized access, use, misuse, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption, whether the information is stored or transmitted.

★ À maîtriser

• The related security disciplines are:
  • cybersecurity: defense of IT assets from attack
  • information security: protection of information
  • network security: protection of networks
  • application security: protection of application code

Compléments

• Information security has become increasingly important because knowledge has become one of the most important assets of the 21st century.

💡 Astuce mémo

Cybersecurity protège les actifs informatiques ; InfoSec protège spécifiquement l’information

📖 5. Triade CIA et politique de sécurité

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• CIA triad : A summary of the basic components of information security as confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
• Confidentiality : Confidentiality means that only authorized people can access data, using techniques such as passwords, encryption, authentication, and defense against penetration attacks.
• Integrity : Integrity means maintaining data in its correct state and preventing improper modification, whether accidental or malicious; checksums, version control, and frequent backups help protect it.
• Availability : Availability means ensuring that data can be accessed by users with the proper permissions by matching resources to expected access volume and maintaining backups for disaster recovery.
• Information security policy : A document created by an organization to determine what data must be protected and how, guide the acquisition of cybersecurity tools, and define employee behavior and responsibilities.

💡 Astuce mémo

CIA : Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

📖 6. Types de sécurité de l’information

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Application security : Protects software, web and mobile applications, and APIs from vulnerabilities in authentication, authorization, code integrity, configurations, policies, and procedures.
• Cloud security : Focuses on building, hosting, and using secure applications in shared cloud environments while ensuring adequate isolation between different processes.
• Cryptography : Cryptography uses encryption to protect data in transit and at rest and uses digital signatures to validate data authenticity; the Advanced Encryption Standard is a symmetric-key algorithm used to protect classified government information.
• Infrastructure security : Infrastructure security protects internal and extranet networks, laboratories, data centers, servers, desktops, and mobile devices.

📝 Points essentiels

• Incident response monitors and investigates potentially malicious behavior, contains threats, restores the network, preserves evidence for forensic analysis and prosecution, and helps prevent further breaches.

• Vulnerability management scans an environment for weak points such as unpatched software and prioritizes remediation according to risk through continuous network assessment.

📖 7. Vocabulaire et traduction technique

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Information security : Information security signifie sécurité de l’information.
• Unauthorized access : Unauthorized access signifie accès non autorisé.
• Information technology : Information technology signifie technologies de l’information.
• Cybersecurity : Cybersecurity signifie cybersécurité.
• Confidentiality : Confidentiality signifie confidentialité.
• Integrity : Integrity signifie intégrité.
• Availability : Availability signifie disponibilité.
• Information security policy : Information security policy signifie politique de sécurité de l’information.
• Cybersecurity tools : Cybersecurity tools signifie outils de cybersécurité.

📊 Tableaux de synthèse

Triade CIA

Domaines de l’InfoSec