Fiche de révision : The Victorian Era

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Chronologie et transformation sociale
2. La révolution industrielle
3. Population et migrations
4. Les réformes sociales
5. Classes moyennes et démocratie
6. Famille et rôles sociaux
7. L'essor des loisirs

📅 Repères chronologiques

1. 1837The Victorian era officially began.
2. 1845The Irish potato famine occurred, after which many Irish people migrated.
3. 1880Education became compulsory for all children up to the age of 10.
4. 1914World War I broke out.
5. 1918Universal suffrage for men was achieved.
6. 1930Women achieved the same voting rights as men.

📖 1. Chronologie et transformation sociale

📝 Points essentiels

📌 During the 19th century, England changed from a rural, agricultural country into an urban, industrialised one, causing massive social dislocation.

💡 Astuce mémo

1837 → 1901 → 1914

📖 2. La révolution industrielle

★ À maîtriser

• The Industrial Revolution combined technological, scientific and industrial innovations that expanded production through the factory system.

• The major social costs were:

  • the dehumanisation of work
  • child labour
  • pollution
  • urban poverty
  • urban filth
  • urban disease

Compléments

• Rural farm work involved:
  • child labour
  • long hours
  • very low pay
  • exposure to all weathers

💡 Astuce mémo

Innovations → production accrue → urbanisation et coûts sociaux

📖 3. Population et migrations

📝 Points essentiels

• Between 1801 and 1871, the population of the United Kingdom doubled.

• Victorian migration occurred from Britain to North America and the colonies, from the countryside to industrial cities, and from Europe and Russia to Britain.

💡 Astuce mémo

Campagne → villes britanniques ; Royaume-Uni → colonies et Amérique du Nord

📖 4. Les réformes sociales

📝 Points essentiels

• Early campaigns and parliamentary commission reports led to legislation protecting child and adult workers.

• Important reforms included:

  • legislation on child labour
  • safety in mines and factories
  • public health
  • the end of slavery in the British Empire
  • education
  • prison reform
  • the establishment of the police

💡 Astuce mémo

Campagnes et rapports → lois protectrices

📖 5. Classes moyennes et démocratie

★ À maîtriser

• Victorian society was hierarchical but allowed considerable social and geographical mobility.

• Their new wealth enabled them to:

  • rise in society
  • build large houses
  • educate their children
  • employ domestic servants

Compléments

• By the 1880s, 1.25 million people were employed in domestic service, more than in any other work category.

💡 Astuce mémo

Mobilité sociale des entrepreneurs ; suffrage progressivement élargi

📖 6. Famille et rôles sociaux

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Victorian family ideal : based on a respectable and loving home dominated by the cult of the home

★ À maîtriser

📌 Women were expected to stay at home and raise the family, but many women in poor families had to work and many single middle-class women also worked.

Compléments

• Queen Victoria and her family provided a role model for the nation.

💡 Astuce mémo

Idéal familial respectable ; travail nécessaire des femmes pauvres

📖 7. L'essor des loisirs

📝 Points essentiels

• The new forms of mass leisure included:
  • seaside holidays
  • religious activities
  • public parks
  • museums
  • libraries
  • spectator sports
  • theatres
  • music halls