Africa's land area?
Second-largest continent, ~30 million km².
Africa's population?
Over 1.4 billion people.
Equator — location?
Divides Africa into north and south.
Sahara Desert — feature?
Largest hot desert, arid and hot.
Tropical rainforests — location?
Mainly in the Congo Basin.
Savannas — ecosystems?
Grasslands with scattered trees, e.g., Serengeti.
Number of countries?
54 sovereign nations.
Ancient civilizations?
Egypt, Mali, Great Zimbabwe—trade and culture centers.
Colonial period?
19th-20th century European division and exploitation.
Independence movements?
Mid-20th century efforts for sovereignty.
Urbanization — trend?
Rapid city growth post-independence.
Development indicators?
GDP per capita, life expectancy, literacy, infant mortality, HDI.
GDP per capita — role?
Measures average income, indicates wealth.
Life expectancy — significance?
Reflects healthcare and living conditions.
Literacy rate — importance?
Shows education levels and access.
Horn of Africa — countries?
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia.
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2. How do ancient civilizations in Africa differ from the colonial period according to the source?
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