Subjectus — definition?
Legal person defined by submission to order.
Citoyen — role?
Rights-bearing individual after 1789, privileges abolished.
Sovereignty of the people — concept?
Political authority derives from the nation.
Rupture of 1789 — significance?
Shift from privilege-based society to individual legal order.
Sociability salons — purpose?
Elites discuss and critique system, remain monarchists.
Sociétés de pensée — function?
Organized debate venues like cafés and academies.
Académies de province — growth?
Expanded from 9 to 35 academies (1710-1789).
Loges maçonniques — role?
Spread values of philanthropy, equality, tolerance.
Encyclopédie — aim?
Organize secular knowledge of sciences and arts.
Rationalism — approach?
Judging by reason, not inherited authority.
Désacralisation — meaning?
Shift from theological to scientific explanations.
Contrat Social — Rousseau’s idea?
Legitimacy from the will of people.
Censorship workaround — method?
Cross-references (“renvois”) to evade censorship.
Sacred monarchy — key element?
Sainte Ampoule miracle and Reims sacre.
Louis XIV — absolutism?
Peak of royal power, “État c’est moi.”
Estates General — function?
Represent clergy, nobility, Third Estate; voting by order.
Louis XVI — assembly?
Last convened in 1789, amid crisis.
Demographic change — driver?
Mortality decline after 1750 causes population growth.
Teste tes connaissances avec un QCM de 18 questions sur Revolution and Enlightenment in France.
1. What does the term
2. What does the "rupture of 1789" primarily describe in political and legal terms?
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