QCM : Pharmacology Essentials for Healthcare — 20 questions

Explication

Clonidine is identified as a centrally acting alpha2-agonist that reduces sympathetic outflow and can be used in hypertension and opioid withdrawal. The other options act through different receptor systems.

Explication

The source states that stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors relaxes the uterus. The other choices describe effects not supported by the material.

Explication

Aripiprazole is specifically noted as the least likely among the listed atypical antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal symptoms. Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are associated with EPS in the source material.

Explication

Haloperidol is described as causing pseudo-parkinsonian syndrome, an extrapyramidal reaction. The other options are not the adverse effect highlighted in the source.

Explication

Metronidazole should not be combined with alcohol because it can cause a disulfiram-like reaction. This is the classic interaction emphasized in the source.

Explication

Ertapenem is specifically noted as not covering Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The other agents are commonly used when Pseudomonas coverage is needed.

Explication

Mannitol is the osmotic diuretic used for acute cerebral edema in brain injury settings. The other drugs are diuretics with different main uses and mechanisms.

Explication

Furosemide acts in the loop of Henle by inhibiting the NaK2Cl transporter. The NaCl cotransporter is the target of thiazides, not loop diuretics.

Explication

The partition constant is the physical property describing distribution between lipid and water phases. It helps explain how readily a drug moves between body compartments.

Explication

Sodium bicarbonate raises urine pH, promoting urinary ion trapping of salicylate and increasing renal elimination. It does not work by increasing absorption or protein binding.

Explication

Sodium bicarbonate raises urine pH, which traps ionized salicylate in the urine and increases its excretion. It does not primarily work by blocking absorption or hepatic metabolism.

Explication

Drug distribution depends on physicochemical properties such as partition constant, degree of ionization, and size. These factors influence how easily the drug crosses membranes and partitions into tissues.

Explication

Naloxone is the opioid antidote and is used when opioid toxicity causes respiratory depression and pinpoint pupils. N-acetylcysteine is for toxic analgesic metabolite poisoning, not opioid overdose.

Explication

N-acetylcysteine is the antidote used to prevent liver failure in this type of analgesic overdose. Naloxone treats opioid toxicity, while hemoperfusion is a blood-cleansing technique rather than a specific antidote.

Explication

Metformin is the preferred early treatment for many patients with type 2 diabetes, including newly diagnosed overweight patients. Insulin degludec is an insulin analog, and digoxin has no role in diabetes treatment.

Explication

Canagliflozin can cause genital infections. The other options are linked to different drug classes or conditions and are not the characteristic adverse effect highlighted here.

Explication

Apixaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor used to reduce clot formation. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside, evolocumab is a PCSK9 blocker, and enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin.

Explication

Evolocumab is a monoclonal antibody that reduces LDL cholesterol by blocking PCSK9. The other drugs act on coagulation, calcium channels, or beta receptors instead.

Explication

Octreotide, a somatostatin analog, is used for variceal bleeding because it causes vasoconstriction. The other drugs are used for arrhythmia, diuresis, or hypertension.

Explication

Amiodarone can alter thyroid function and increases the risk of hypothyroidism within months of therapy. The other choices are not the described clinical effect.