Arctic climate change — key driver?
Global warming accelerates Arctic melting.
Greenhouse effect — process?
Traps outgoing heat, warms Earth.
Short-lived climate pollutants — examples?
Methane and black carbon.
Ice-albedo feedback — mechanism?
Less ice absorbs more heat, amplifying warming.
Permafrost — definition?
Frozen ground below 0°C for 2+ years.
Rapid Arctic warming — since?
Post-2005, Arctic warms faster than global average.
CO2 concentration — current level?
Exceeds 400 ppm.
Black carbon — effect?
Absorbs heat, warms climate quickly.
Black carbon — lifetime?
About 1 week.
Sea level rise — by 2100?
Approximately 1 meter or more.
Permafrost thaw — environmental impact?
Forms thermokarst, releases stored carbon.
Monsoon disruption — link to Arctic?
Arctic changes influence tropical monsoon patterns.
Human security — Arctic concerns?
Environmental, health, food, and economic impacts.
Arctic development — risk?
Resource dependence may hinder diversification.
Antarctic Treaty — purpose?
Promotes peace, science, and environmental protection.
CCAMLR MPAs — number?
Two official MPAs (2009, 2016).
Microplastics in Antarctica — found in?
Penguins, krill, snow, and ice.
Alien species — invasion records?
Over 3,000 documented cases.
Gateway ports — role?
Transport non-native species via shipping.
Chile’s Antarctic law — came into force?
March 2021.
Brazil’s Antarctic program — started?
1982 with PROANTAR.
Sami Giellagaldu — purpose?
Protect and develop Sami languages.
Frontage theory — what?
Claims based on meridian proximity.
RAPAL — function?
Latin American scientific and environmental cooperation.
Teste tes connaissances avec un QCM de 24 questions sur Arctic and Antarctic Climate and Governance.
1. What is the main invasion risk created by biofouling species in Antarctic shipping?
2. What is meant by Antarctic territorial claims in the South American context?
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