Carbonyl group — structure?
C=O double bond, sp2 hybridized carbon.
Aldehydes — nomenclature?
Named with -al suffix, chain numbered from aldehyde carbon.
Ketones — nomenclature?
Named with -one suffix, numbered from nearest carbonyl.
Preparation of aldehydes?
Oxidation of primary alcohols with PCC.
Preparation of ketones?
Oxidation of secondary alcohols with K₂Cr₂O₇.
Physical property — boiling point?
Higher than hydrocarbons, lower than alcohols.
Physical property — solubility?
Soluble in water if small; decreases with chain length.
Reactions — key type?
Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon.
Reactivity — aldehyde vs ketone?
Aldehydes are generally more reactive.
Carboxyl group structure?
Carbonyl attached to hydroxyl (-COOH).
Resonance in carboxylates?
Negative charge delocalized over two oxygens.
Acidity influenced by?
Electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids?
Esters, amides, acyl chlorides, anhydrides.
Preparation of benzaldehyde?
Side chain chlorination and hydrolysis.
Industrial synthesis of benzaldehyde?
Chromyl chloride oxidation and Gatterman-Koch reaction.
Applications of aldehydes?
Flavors, fragrances, solvents, plastics.
Applications of ketones?
Solvents, starting materials in synthesis.
Key reaction mechanism?
Nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon.
Teste tes connaissances avec un QCM de 9 questions sur Carbonyl Chemistry Masterclass.
1. What is the carbonyl functional group characterized by?
2. Who developed the Gatterman-Koch reaction for synthesizing aromatic aldehydes?
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