What function does a nominal subordinate clause fulfill?
It fulfills a noun function.
On what does a nominal subordinate clause depend?
It depends on a main clause.
Which roles can a nominal subordinate clause have?
It can be subject attribute or direct object.
How is a relative subordinate clause introduced?
By a relative pronoun.
What does a relative subordinate clause always complement?
The antecedent noun or pronoun.
What distinguishes a defining relative clause from a non-defining one?
The defining clause identifies the referent; the non-defining adds non-essential information separated by commas.
What function does an adverbial subordinate clause have?
It functions as a circumstantial complement.
Which meanings can an adverbial subordinate clause express?
Purpose, cause, consequence, time, condition, or place.
What does a prepositional phrase consist of?
A preposition and its complement.
What functions can a prepositional phrase have?
It can be an adverbial complement, verb complement, adjective complement, or noun complement.
What are examples of subject personal pronouns in English?
I, you, and she.
Which personal pronouns serve as object forms in English?
Me, you, and him.
What does a discontinuous noun allow you to do?
Isolate and count one or more elements.
What does a continuous noun designate?
A global, uncountable notion.
What does a dense continuous noun designate?
A matter or substance from which a sample can be taken.
What does a compact continuous noun generally express?
An abstract quality or unquantifiable notion.
What does lexical aspect oppose in verbs?
States and processes.
Which main aspects characterize processes?
Durative, punctual, inchoative, terminative, and iterative.
Can an intransitive verb or the copula BE have a direct object?
No, they never have a direct object.
In 'I was a woman', what grammatical role does 'a woman' have?
It is the subject complement, not a direct object.
What does the past simple express about an action's relation to the present?
It presents the action as finished and disconnected from the present.
How does the present perfect relate an action to the moment of speaking?
It connects the action to the present moment and maintains a link with it.
For what purposes is the present perfect used?
To state a result, make a provisional assessment, express duration with for or since, or locate a recent action with just.
What does the past perfect indicate about the timing of an action?
It situates an action before another past action.
What is a common use of the past perfect besides timing?
It often provides an explanation.
What does the -ing gerund retain from the verb?
The argument structure of the verb.
How does the verbal noun with 'the' and 'of' function?
It is fully nominalized.
What does an -ing adjective usually express?
A cause or an effect produced.
What does an -ed adjective usually express?
The state or experience felt by the subject.
How is the passive voice formed in English?
With the auxiliary BE and the past participle of the lexical verb.
What position does the direct object of the active sentence take in the passive voice?
It becomes the subject position.
Which preposition introduces the agent complement in passive sentences?
By
Which preposition introduces an instrument complement, not an agent, in English?
With
What does referential it represent in an it-structure?
A concrete or abstract element already known.
What role does non-referential it play in an it-structure?
It only fills the obligatory grammatical subject position.
What does the radical value of modals express?
Obligation, permission, capacity, or will concerning the real world.
What does the epistemic value of modals express?
The speaker's judgment on the probability of a statement.
How does the determiner A function in a group?
It isolates a distinct unit from the group.
How does ANY function in relation to group units?
It neutralizes differences and treats units as equivalent.
What is extraposition in syntax?
Moving a heavy clause to the end of the sentence.
Which principles does extraposition follow?
End-weight and end-focus principles.
What does the BE GOING TO + verb construction express?
An action oriented toward realization based on present situation, intention, or prior decision.
Which tense does English usually use after when, as soon as, the moment, and until?
The present simple tense.
How does French usually express time after when, as soon as, the moment, and until?
With the future tense.
What does if normally introduce in English?
A hypothesis creating distance from reality.
What does whether signal in English?
Two concurrent possibilities, often in the structure whether ... or.
What is an adverbial phrase?
A group of words functioning as an adverb.
What types of information does an adverbial phrase provide?
Time, place, cause, or frequency information.
Which words are the English coordinating conjunctions?
AND, BUT, OR, NOR, FOR, YET, and SO.
Name simple relative pronouns in English.
Who, whom, and whose.
Which pronouns are considered compound relative pronouns?
Whoever and whatever.
List some subordinating conjunctions in English.
After, although, because, if, since, unless, when, and while.
When is the noun chicken continuous?
When it designates meat.
When is the noun chicken discontinuous?
When it designates the animal.
When is a noun singular?
When it commutes with he, she or it and takes a singular verb.
When is a noun plural?
When it commutes with they and takes a plural verb.
What does the BE + ING form indicate about a process?
A durative process in progress.
What does the HAVE + -EN form indicate about a process?
A terminative process from a retrospective viewpoint.
What does the form used to express about past and present situations?
It expresses a total break with the present by contrasting a past true situation with one no longer true now.
In 'Swimming is healthy', what grammatical role does 'swimming' have?
It functions as the subject like a noun.
In 'I enjoy reading books', what role does 'reading books' play?
It is the direct object of 'enjoy'.
What is the function of a substantivized adjective?
It functions as a noun.
What article does a substantivized adjective frequently follow and does it take plural form?
It frequently follows 'the' and does not take plural form.
When can the agent be omitted in passive sentences?
When it is unknown, unimportant, or generalized.
How does WHICH present relative clause information?
As new information with the referent in the foreground.
How does THAT present relative clause information?
As already known information closely linked to the antecedent.
What types of relations can since and as introduce?
Temporal or causal relations.
What does the preposition to express among transitions?
A transition toward something.
What does the preposition for express in terms of orientation?
An orientation toward a goal or destination.
Teste tes connaissances avec un QCM de 27 questions sur Linguistique anglaise et syntaxe.
1. Quelle fonction une proposition subordonnée nominale peut-elle remplir dans une phrase ?
2. Comment une proposition subordonnée relative est-elle introduite et quel élément complète-t-elle ?
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