Scotland and the United Kingdom

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Population and Contemporary Challenges
2. Early Scottish History
3. Wars and Medieval Independence
4. Unions and Political Conflict
5. Industry, Devolution and Referendums

📅 Repères chronologiques

1. 3,000 BCNeolithic tools found in Scotland date back.
2. 124 ADThe Roman Empire invaded Scotland, and the Hadrian and Antonine walls were built to keep Picts and Scots from raiding southward.
3. 800 ADViking attacks took place in the east and the Picts created the kingdom of Alba.
4. 1297William Wallace led a major Scottish victory at Stirling Bridge during the War of Independence.
5. 1314Robert the Bruce defeated Edward II at Bannockburn.
6. 1320The Declaration of Arbroath was issued as an official declaration of Scottish independence.
7. 1707The Act of Union between the Scottish and English parliaments was passed.
8. 1967Oil and gas were discovered in the North Sea north of Scotland.
9. 1997Scotland held a devolution referendum.
10. 1999The Scottish Parliament was reformed.

📖 1. Population and Contemporary Challenges

• Scotland had 5.55 million inhabitants in 2025, including 531,370 in Edinburgh.