Whom does the Equal Justice Initiative guarantee to defend?
Anyone in a death penalty case.
Why did White Europeans settle in North America?
To exploit the natural resources of their new land.
Why did Europeans seek an unpaid labor force after Indigenous people died?
To exploit natural resources without paying for the work.
Whom did Europeans forcibly bring to the United States as unpaid workers?
Africans.
Which activities flourished in the United States economy?
Shipbuilding, commerce, manufacturing, and banking.
To what does the course attribute the prosperity of the United States economy?
The enslavement of Black people.
What was the triangular trade?
A trading system exchanging manufactured goods, enslaved people, and raw materials among Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What did the triangular trade carry from Europe to Africa?
Manufactured goods.
What did the triangular trade carry from Africa to the Americas?
Enslaved Africans.
What did the triangular trade carry from the Americas to Europe?
Raw materials.
How did merchants regard and transport enslaved people?
As valuable resources, transported like other goods rather than treated as human beings.
What was the Middle Passage?
The middle leg of the journey across the Atlantic from Africa to America and the colonies.
How many Africans were removed from Africa by merchants’ ship crews?
12.5 million.
How many Africans died before reaching their destination?
2 million.
How long did the Middle Passage last?
From 30 to 90 days.
How were enslaved people transported during the Middle Passage?
In overcrowded, low-roofed spaces where they could barely move.
What restraints were used on enslaved people during the Middle Passage?
They were chained or shackled.
What dangers affected enslaved people during the Middle Passage?
Disease, malnutrition, and abuse.
What could happen to enslaved people who were their owners’ property?
They could be sold at any time, tearing families apart.
How long did enslaved people work each day, and what break did they receive?
From sunrise until sunset, with a 15-minute break.
What rights were denied to enslaved people, and what was their civic status?
They could not receive an education, marry, vote, own property, or testify in court, and were not citizens.
How did the planters’ lives compare with those of enslaved people?
Planters enjoyed comfort, ease, and luxury; enslaved people endured hardship, suffering, and poverty.
What did Harriet Tubman help hundreds of enslaved people do?
Escape to the free North through the Underground Railroad.
Why was Harriet Tubman nicknamed Moses?
After the biblical figure who led the Israelites out of Egypt.
What was the Underground Railroad?
A secret network that helped enslaved people escape slavery.
What aid did the Underground Railroad provide to fugitives?
Hiding places, food, and often transportation.
What is the Equal Justice Initiative?
A non-profit organization based in Montgomery, Alabama, that provides legal representation to people who may have been denied justice.
Why has the Equal Justice Initiative committed to representing Alabama death row prisoners?
Alabama is the only state that does not provide them with state-funded legal assistance.
In which year were enslaved Africans brought to America timeline?
1619.
What forms of resistance did enslaved people use during the Middle Passage?
They attempted takeovers, jumped overboard, organized mutinies, and refused to eat.
What work did house slaves perform compared with field slaves?
House slaves cared for the owner’s house and family; field slaves worked in the fields.
How many people shared an enslaved person’s cabin?
Ten or twelve people.
What bedding did enslaved people sleep on?
Straw piled on a blanket on a dirty floor.
What food and clothing did enslaved people receive?
Meagre pork rations and a new set of winter and summer clothes each year.
In what year was Harriet Tubman born enslaved?
1822.
What happened to Harriet Tubman when she was 12?
An overseer threw a metal weight at her head.
What lifelong effects did Harriet Tubman’s head injury cause?
Dizziness and headaches.
In what year did Harriet Tubman escape to Philadelphia?
1849.
Teste tes connaissances avec un QCM de 19 questions sur Slavery and the Underground Railroad.
1. Quel engagement l’Equal Justice Initiative prend-elle dans les affaires passibles de la peine de mort ?
2. Pourquoi l’Equal Justice Initiative s’est-elle engagée à représenter les personnes dans le couloir de la mort en Alabama ?
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