Homeostasis — definition?
Steady functional state of a cell.
Adaptation — role?
Reversible cellular changes to survive stress.
Cell injury — triggers?
Exceeds adaptive limits, nutrient deficiency, or function impairment.
Reversible injury — hallmark?
Cell swelling and hydropic change.
Irreversible injury — key feature?
Severe membrane damage and mitochondrial failure.
Necrosis pattern — coagulative?
Architecture preserved, seen in infarcts.
Necrosis pattern — liquefactive?
Tissue digested into pus, common in brain.
Necrosis pattern — caseous?
Cheeselike, granuloma-like, in tuberculosis.
Necrosis pattern — fat?
Chalky deposits from pancreatic lipase activity.
Necrosis pattern — fibrinoid?
Bright pink immune complex deposits in vessel walls.
Apoptosis — morphology?
Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies.
Apoptosis — pathways?
Mitochondrial (BAX/BAK) and extrinsic (Fas/FADD).
Autophagy — process?
Sequestration of cytoplasm into autophagosomes for degradation.
Necroptosis — mechanism?
RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway causing membrane rupture.
Oxidative stress — cause?
Excess ROS damaging lipids, proteins, DNA.
Lipid peroxidation — effect?
Membrane damage via free radicals attacking fatty acids.
Hypoxia — definition?
Reduced oxygen supply to tissues.
Reperfusion injury — paradox?
Restored blood flow causes further cell damage.
Chemical injury — example?
Mercuric chloride binding to sulfhydryl groups.
Infectious injury — mechanism?
Pathogens damage cells directly or via immune response.
Immunologic injury — example?
Complement activation and immune complex deposition.
Cellular adaptation — types?
Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia.
Intracellular pigment — example?
Lipofuscin, hemosiderin, carbon (anthracosis).
Calcification — types?
Dystrophic (injury sites) and metastatic (hypercalcemia).
Teste tes connaissances avec un QCM de 24 questions sur Cell Injury and Death Mechanisms.
1. What is the best term for a reversible change in cell structure and function that helps a cell survive a stress when adaptive limits are not exceeded?
2. Which sequence best describes what happens when a stress is removed before damage becomes severe?
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