Flashcards : Foundations of Chemistry: Principles and Applications — 48 cartes

Protons and neutrons

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Orbiting the nucleus in shells

Orbiting the nucleus in energy levels

Defines the element

Defines the element, number of protons

Protons plus neutrons

Protons plus neutrons in nucleus

Different neutrons, same element

Same element, different neutrons

By increasing atomic number

Elements by increasing atomic number

Highly reactive, alkali metals

Similar chemical properties, same outer electrons

Halogens, e.g., chlorine

Same number of electron shells

Transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal

Between metals and non-metals

Electron pairs between non-metals

Atoms share electron pairs

Delocalized electrons, conductivity

Delocalized electrons, conducts electricity

Water, CO₂

Water, oxygen, low melting points

Diamond, graphite

Diamond, graphite, high melting points

High melting point, brittle, conduct when molten

Releases heat to surroundings

Speed of reactant to product conversion

Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts

Minimum energy for reaction to occur

Speeds up reaction, unchanged at end

Temperature, concentration, catalysts

Carbon, hydrogen, possibly other elements

Carbon-based molecules

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Carbon and hydrogen

Same molecular formula, different structures

Same formula, different structure

Breaks large hydrocarbons into smaller ones

Break down large hydrocarbons

Presence of substances in a sample

New substances formed, energy transfer

Amount or concentration of substances

Releases heat

CO₂, methane, water vapor

Absorbs heat

Sunlight-driven reactions, e.g., ozone formation