It controls gene expression and stores genetic information.
Explication
The nucleus is the membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression, making it the control center of the cell.
Prokaryotic cells
Explication
Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, distinguishing them from eukaryotic cells which do contain such organelles.
lac operon
Explication
The lac operon is a well-known genetic system in E. coli that regulates the metabolism of lactose. It is explicitly mentioned in the content as controlling lactose metabolism in E. coli.
ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
Explication
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, providing energy for cellular activities.
To lower the activation energy and facilitate biochemical reactions
Explication
Enzymes primarily function as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy of biochemical reactions, thus increasing the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Cell membrane
Explication
The cell membrane, composed mainly of phospholipids and proteins, is semi-permeable and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Meiosis
Explication
Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the genetic material of the parent cell, essential for sexual reproduction.
Membrane-bound organelles
Explication
The key difference is that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells lack these structures, making eukaryotic cells more complex.
Golgi apparatus
Explication
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the ER, preparing them for transport or secretion.
Facilitates selective permeability
Explication
The phospholipid bilayer provides fluidity and selective permeability, allowing the membrane to control substance exchange efficiently.
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Cell types — prokaryotic vs eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have one.
Prokaryotic Cell — definition?
Simple cell without a nucleus.
Macromolecules — main types?
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids.
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