QCM : Learning and Cognition — 20 questions

Questions et réponses du QCM

1. Which mnemonic method improves memory and recall by linking information to specific imagined physical locations or landmarks?

Method of loci
Re-reading for familiarity
Keyword method
Chunking strategy

Method of loci

Explication

The method of loci (memory palace technique) improves recall by associating information with specific locations in an imagined mental space. The other options do not primarily use spatial location cues.

2. How does the method of loci typically support later recall?

By using a familiar route so location cues trigger retrieval
By repeating each item the same number of times
By storing items in sensory memory only
By converting words into rhymes to reduce forgetting

By using a familiar route so location cues trigger retrieval

Explication

It uses spatial memory by mentally placing information along a familiar route (like rooms), so those locations cue recall later. Spaced or sensory-only accounts do not match the loci mechanism.

3. In a true experiment conducted by Dressler, what was the key outcome for participants who used the method of loci?

They remembered only the first few words but not the rest
They recalled fewer words because imagery slowed encoding
Their recall matched control participants because both groups used similar cues
They recalled twice as many words as participants who did not use it

They recalled twice as many words as participants who did not use it

Explication

Dressler found that participants who learned the method of loci recalled twice as many words as those who did not use it. The other choices contradict that measured advantage.

4. What does spaced repetition primarily involve as a memory-improvement strategy?

Distributing rehearsal or learning opportunities over time
Relying on immediate memorization without later review
Cramming all rehearsal into a single session
Reviewing material only once right after learning

Distributing rehearsal or learning opportunities over time

Explication

Spaced repetition improves memory by spreading rehearsal or learning opportunities over time. The distractors describe massed practice or no later review.

5. If a distractor task is introduced after studying a list, which effect is expected to disappear more readily?

Neither effect would depend on memory
The primacy effect
The recency effect
Both effects remaining unchanged

The recency effect

Explication

The recency effect depends more on short-term memory and disappears when a distractor task is introduced. The primacy effect is associated with earlier strengthening and is less described as disappearing in that way.

6. Which statement best describes a cognitive process?

It is a mental process that is not necessarily directly visible
It is identical to physical behavior performed by the body
It can only be measured through eye tracking
It is defined only by observable facial or body movements

It is a mental process that is not necessarily directly visible

Explication

A cognitive process occurs in the mind and is not necessarily directly visible. Behaviors like frowning or yawning may indicate it, but they do not define the cognitive process itself.

7. What is a multistore model of memory associated with in its proposal?

It was proposed by Baddeley in 1982
It was proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972
It was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968
It was proposed by Ebbinghaus in 1885

It was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968

Explication

The multistore model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. The other options give different researchers and dates not matched to this model in the provided facts.

8. What best describes neuroplasticity?

A protein pathway that improves immune defense in the brain
The brain’s ability to change only after injury or disease
A process that removes old memories by destroying synapses
The brain’s ability to respond to environmental stimulation by forming and breaking synaptic connections

The brain’s ability to respond to environmental stimulation by forming and breaking synaptic connections

Explication

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s capacity to change with experience by making and breaking synaptic connections. The injury-only options conflict with the idea that it responds to environmental stimulation.

9. In a study comparing London cab drivers with non-cab drivers, what was the main purpose of examining brain differences?

To determine whether hippocampal removal improves learning
To test whether experience is associated with differences in brain structure or function
To prove that pathogens—not experience—drive all brain changes
To measure cortisol levels to predict verbal recall

To test whether experience is associated with differences in brain structure or function

Explication

The comparison aimed to see whether experience (cab driving) was linked to brain differences. The pathogen- and cortisol-related answers do not match the described research goal.

10. What conclusion did Newcomer reach about elevated cortisol?

Elevated cortisol mainly improves verbal declarative memory
Elevated cortisol has no measurable impact on memory performance
Elevated cortisol can impair verbal declarative memory
Elevated cortisol affects procedural memory but not declarative memory

Elevated cortisol can impair verbal declarative memory

Explication

Newcomer concluded that higher cortisol levels impair verbal declarative memory. The improvement and “no impact” choices contradict that result.

11. In Newcomer’s experiment, how was verbal declarative memory measured?

By the percentage of a prose passage recalled
By heart rate changes during a learning session
By counting words produced in a free-recall interview
By reaction time during a maze task

By the percentage of a prose passage recalled

Explication

Memory was measured as the percentage of a prose passage recalled. Maze-time and heart-rate measures would target other constructs rather than the stated prose recall metric.

12. Based on Newcomer’s results, which pattern best matches the cortisol conditions’ effects on memory performance?

All three conditions produced the same memory performance
Placebo poorest, low-dose highest, high-dose intermediate
Low-dose poorest, placebo intermediate, high-dose highest
High-dose poorest, placebo highest, low-dose intermediate

High-dose poorest, placebo highest, low-dose intermediate

Explication

The high-dose group performed worst, placebo best, and low-dose in between. The common confusion that low-dose was best or worst is ruled out by the intermediate pattern.

13. According to its role, what does the hippocampus primarily support?

Transfer of short-term or transient memories into permanent long-term memory
Formation of procedural skills like riding a bike
Generalized attention control across the cortex
Storage of immediate sensory input without change

Transfer of short-term or transient memories into permanent long-term memory

Explication

The hippocampus supports transferring short-term/transient memories into long-term memory. The procedural-skill and sensory-control options describe different functions not attributed to the hippocampus here.

14. After HM’s hippocampus was removed, what finding did Brenda Milner report was still functional?

All forms of memory, including long-term declarative recall
His ability to form new procedural memories but not other abilities
Only his long-term declarative memory, with other memory types impaired
His digit span and implicit/procedural memory for skills

His digit span and implicit/procedural memory for skills

Explication

Milner found that digit span, conversation, and implicit/procedural skills remained functional despite impaired memory. The answers claiming all memory was eliminated contradict the preserved abilities.

15. Which statement best captures acetylcholine’s role in memory?

It is an enzyme that breaks down synapses to erase memories
It is a brain region that stores memories
It is a neurotransmitter that supports the formation of memory
It is a hormone released from the adrenal glands

It is a neurotransmitter that supports the formation of memory

Explication

Acetylcholine is described as a neurotransmitter that supports memory formation. Storage-region and synapse-erasing roles do not match this function.

16. In Martinez and Kesner’s Y-shaped maze study in rats, what would you expect if acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron were blocked?

Rats would be fastest to find food
Rats would be slowest to find food
Rats’ performance would become unrelated to acetylcholine changes
Rats would perform the same as the uninjected controls

Rats would be slowest to find food

Explication

Blocking postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors made rats slowest to find food. The fastest and “no difference” options conflict with the intermediate/uninjected comparison described.

17. Which cognitive load framework distinguishes intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load?

Uses and gratifications theory proposed by Katz and colleagues
Media richness theory proposed by Daft and Lengel
Cognitive load theory proposed by Sweller
Uncertainty reduction theory proposed by Kahneman

Cognitive load theory proposed by Sweller

Explication

Sweller’s cognitive load theory is the framework that distinguishes intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. The other theories focus on different constructs than cognitive load types.

18. What was the finding when researchers examined high Facebook use alongside students’ academic performance?

Facebook use showed no meaningful relationship with grade point average
High Facebook use correlated with higher grade point average
High Facebook use correlated with lower grade point average
Researchers found a causal effect of Facebook use on GPA increase

High Facebook use correlated with lower grade point average

Explication

Research by Rosen, Carrier, and Cheever reported a correlation between high Facebook use and a lower grade point average. The “no relationship” and “causal increase” options contradict that described outcome.

19. Which study component includes data collection, methods, sampling, statistical application, and thematic analysis?

The literature review component
The discussion and conclusion component
The data and analysis component
The introduction and framing component

The data and analysis component

Explication

The data and analysis component explicitly covers data collection, methods, sampling, statistical application, and thematic analysis. The other options match common report sections but are not the specified component.

20. In Paper 1A, how many marks does each short-answer question contribute?

Each short-answer question is worth eight marks
Each short-answer question is worth two marks
Each short-answer question is worth ten marks
Each short-answer question is worth four marks

Each short-answer question is worth four marks

Explication

Paper 1A includes two short-answer questions, each worth four marks. The other mark values do not match the described assessment structure.

Révisez avec les flashcards

Mémorisez les réponses avec 40 flashcards sur Learning and Cognition.

What is the method of loci in memory techniques?

A mnemonic strategy associating information with imagined physical locations.

How does the method of loci use spatial memory?

By mentally placing information along a familiar route to cue recall.

What did Dressler find about the method of loci in his experiment?

Participants using it recalled twice as many words as those who did not.

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