Patronage system — definition?
Support arrangement where artists are paid by patrons.
Independent professional creator — role?
Earns income by selling copies after patronage declines.
Mass reproduction — significance?
Enables quick, cheap production of many copies.
Intangible property — meaning?
Legal control over non-physical creations like texts or songs.
Berne Convention 1886 — purpose?
Coordinates international copyright protection with shared minimum standards.
Copyright emergence — main driver?
Decline of patronage and rise of mass reproduction technologies.
Literary and artistic domain — scope?
Category of works protected under Berne, including creative expressions.
Expression not idea — protection?
Copyright protects how ideas are expressed, not the ideas themselves.
Originality requirement — purpose?
Ensures work reflects author’s own creative choices.
Idea–expression dichotomy — meaning?
Distinguishes protected expression from unprotected ideas or facts.
Official texts and exemptions — example?
Some official acts may be exempt from copyright; modifications can be protected.
Automatic protection — criterion?
Works are protected if they meet Berne’s eligibility, without registration.
Communication to the public — act?
Making a work accessible to an audience beyond the original viewers.
New public — definition?
A different audience not contemplated at initial release.
Making available right — scope?
Online access where users can reach the work at will.
CJEU hotel case — subject?
Hotels providing TV to guests as communication to the public.
Framing vs consent — difference?
Framing may bypass consent; consent involves explicit permission.
Linking — effect?
Links do not transmit content, generally not communication to the public.
Embedding — legal concern?
Can be a communication to the public if it bypasses technological restrictions.
Protection standards — basis?
Minimum standards set by Berne, with national treatment.
Technological measures — role?
Protect works; bypassing can lead to liability for infringement and circumvention.
Passive vs active platform — liability?
Active control or organization can lead to direct liability.
Reproduction — definition?
Copying a work onto a new medium or server.
Link vs embed — difference?
Link redirects; embed displays content within a page.
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1. What was the main economic driver behind the historical emergence of copyright?
2. What kinds of creations fall within the Berne Convention’s literary and artistic domain?
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