Stretch
Explication
Visceral pleura is supplied by visceral afferent fibers and is sensitive mainly to stretch. In contrast, the parietal pleura is sensitive to pain, temperature, touch, and pressure.
An imaginary plane from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebral level
Explication
The mediastinum is divided into superior and inferior parts by a plane running from the sternal angle to the lower border of T4. The other planes do not describe this division.
Intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve
Explication
The parietal pleura receives somatic afferent innervation from the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve. The visceral pleura, by contrast, carries afferents with autonomic nerves from the pulmonary plexus.
The pericardium and heart
Explication
The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium and heart. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and thoracic duct, while the anterior mediastinum lies between the sternum and pericardium.
Hyaline cartilage rings joined posteriorly by the trachealis muscle
Explication
The trachea is supported by hyaline cartilage rings, with a posterior gap bridged by the trachealis muscle. This arrangement maintains openness while allowing some flexibility.
Costal pleura
Explication
The costal pleura lines the inner surfaces of the ribs, costal cartilages, intercostal spaces, sides of vertebral bodies, and the back of the sternum. Cervical pleura extends into the neck instead.
Wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
Explication
The right principal bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical, and it gives rise to the superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi. The left principal bronchus is the narrower, longer, more horizontal one.
Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
Explication
Each pleural membrane has a parietal layer and a visceral layer. The regional names such as costal and mediastinal apply only to parts of the parietal pleura.
The heart, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct
Explication
The mediastinum contains the heart and large vessels, trachea and esophagus, thoracic duct and lymph nodes, and several major nerves. The lungs are in the pleural cavities, not the mediastinum.
It begins at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage and ends at the sternal angle
Explication
The trachea is a continuation of the larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage and ends by dividing into the principal bronchi at the sternal angle. The other options place its start or end at incorrect landmarks.
They divide dichotomously into terminal bronchioles and then respiratory bronchioles
Explication
The principal bronchi divide dichotomously into terminal bronchioles and then respiratory bronchioles. The other options describe unrelated or incorrect airway pathways.
The sternum, pleural cavities, and vertebral column
Explication
The mediastinum is the central thoracic space between the sternum, the two pleural cavities, and the vertebral column. The other options include structures that do not define its boundaries.
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Mediastinum boundaries
Between sternum, pleural cavities, vertebral column.
Mediastinum contents
Thymus, heart, vessels, trachea, esophagus, nerves, lymph nodes.
Superior vs inferior mediastinum
Separated by sternal angle to T4 plane.
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