International law — created by?
States or authorized entities like organizations.
1648 — significance?
Birth of modern international law at Westphalia.
Phases of development — types?
Pre-state and interstate phases.
Positivism — key case?
Lotus case affirming state consent.
International legal order — characteristic?
States are legally equal, no central authority.
UN organs — main?
Security Council, General Assembly, ICJ.
Nullity of treaties — based on?
Conflicting with jus cogens norms.
Customary law — arises from?
State practice and opinio juris.
State consent — role?
Essential for binding international obligations.
Self-defense — article?
Article 51 of UN Charter.
Dispute resolution methods?
Negotiation, mediation, arbitration.
EU institutions — examples?
European Commission, Parliament, Court of Justice.
European Court of Human Rights — applies?
European Convention, principles of evolution and margin.
International law — based on?
Consent, practice, jus cogens, customary norms.
Westphalia — year?
1648, foundation of sovereignty principles.
Pre-state law — characteristics?
Ancient treaties, empires, city-states.
Natural law — concept?
Universal, unchanging rules, God’s will.
Lotus case — significance?
States may act unless prohibited.
International legal order — features?
Sovereignty, equality, consent, no hierarchy.
Treaties — validity?
Requires ratification, registration, no conflict with jus cogens.
Unilateral acts — binding?
Yes, if intended and publicly declared.
Jus cogens — norms?
Peremptory, non-derogable principles.
Customary law — formation?
Practice plus opinio juris.
Treaty nullity — conflicts?
With jus cogens or fundamental norms.
Testez vos connaissances avec un QCM de 12 questions sur Foundations of International Law and Human Rights.
1. When was the United Nations Charter signed, marking the establishment of the UN after the failure of the League of Nations?
2. What was the primary role of the Peace of Westphalia in the development of international law?
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