Judicial System — structure?
Separate state and federal court systems.
State courts — hierarchy?
Minor trial, major trial, appellate, supreme.
Federal courts — levels?
District, circuit, Supreme Court.
Jurisdiction — definition?
Authority to hear and decide cases.
Supreme Court — justices?
1 Chief Justice, 8 Associate Justices.
Judicial appointment — process?
Presidential nomination, Senate ratification.
Marbury v. Madison — significance?
Established judicial review.
Suffrage — evolution?
Expanded from property to universal male voting.
Political parties — origin?
Formed around 1824 presidential election.
Early democratic movements — focus?
Social reforms, associations, moral campaigns.
State courts — hearing evidence?
Only at trial court level.
Federal courts — jurisdiction?
Federal laws, Constitution, treaties.
Judicial review — case?
Marbury v. Madison, 1803.
Lifelong judges — reason?
Ensure independence from politics.
Supreme Court — ideological camps?
Textualists and contextualists.
Federal judges — appointment?
Presidential nomination, Senate approval.
Marbury v. Madison — ruling?
Courts can declare laws unconstitutional.
Suffrage — Western states?
Adopted universal male suffrage early.
Political mobilization — effect?
Increased citizen participation.
Early movements — purpose?
Moral reform, social activism.
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1. What is the composition of the U.S. Supreme Court?
2. Who described the structure of state courts in 2007?
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