Fiche de révision : Fundamentals of Construction Project Management

📋 Course Outline

1. Project Definition
2. Project Lifecycle
3. Project Management Processes
4. Project Management Software
5. Microsoft Project Features
6. Project Scheduling Techniques
7. Work Breakdown Structure
8. Project Dependencies
9. Geographic Information Systems
10. GIS Data Types and Analysis
11. GIS Mapping and Visualization

📖 1. Project Definition

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

Project (from PMBOK): A temporary endeavor with a beginning and an end, undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. It involves a series of interrelated tasks planned over a fixed period, within specific requirements and limitations such as cost, quality, and performance.

Deliverables: Tangible or intangible outputs produced by the project, representing the end products or results that fulfill project objectives.

Milestones: Significant points or events in the project timeline that mark the completion of major phases or activities, often used to measure progress against the schedule.

Risks (from source): Potential problems that may arise during the project, which could impact objectives. Risks are proactively identified and managed to minimize negative effects.

Project Lifecycle: The sequence of phases a project passes through, typically including Initiation, Planning, Execution, and Closure, as outlined in project management standards.

Characteristics of a Project:

• Has a well-defined objective.
• Defined in terms of scope, schedule, and cost.
• Comprises interdependent tasks.
• Utilizes limited resources (money, manpower, equipment).
• Has a specific start and expected completion date.
• Is temporary and unique.
• Requires specialized tools and techniques.
• Managed by a diverse team across departments.

📝 Essential Points

• A project is a temporary and unique effort aimed at producing specific outcomes, either tangible or intangible (PMBOK).
• The scope, schedule, and cost are critical parameters that define project objectives.
• Projects involve interdependent tasks and the use of limited resources.
• The project lifecycle includes Initiation, Planning, Execution, and Closure, guiding the project from conception to completion.
• Deliverables are the tangible or intangible products resulting from the project.
• Milestones serve as checkpoints to assess progress.
• Managing risks involves identifying potential issues early and planning mitigation strategies.
• Effective project management requires understanding and controlling dependencies such as Finish-to-Start (FS), Finish-to-Finish (FF), and Start-to-Start (SS) (see dependencies section).

💡 Key Takeaway

A project is a temporary, goal-oriented effort that involves coordinated tasks, resources, and constraints, aiming to produce a unique outcome within a defined scope, schedule, and budget. Effective management of its lifecycle and dependencies is essential for success.

📖 2. Project Lifecycle

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Initiation: The first phase of the project lifecycle where stakeholders, resources, and project scope are identified and defined. According to PMBOK (date unspecified), initiation involves establishing the project's purpose and feasibility.
• Planning: The phase where detailed objectives, schedules, and resource allocations are developed. It includes creating measurable goals, defining work activities, and establishing a project schedule (PMBOK).
• Execution: The phase where project plans are implemented, tasks are assigned, and work is performed. It involves overseeing progress and coordinating resources to achieve project objectives (PMBOK).
• Closure: The final phase involving formal completion, evaluation, and documentation of project outcomes. It ensures all tasks are finalized, deliverables are handed over, and lessons learned are documented (PMBOK).
• Project Lifecycle: The sequence of phases—initiation, planning, execution, and closure—that a project undergoes from start to finish, providing a structured approach to project management (source content).

📝 Essential Points

• The project lifecycle provides a systematic framework for managing projects effectively, ensuring each phase transitions smoothly into the next (source content).
• The initiation phase involves stakeholder identification and resource planning, setting the foundation for the project.
• During planning, specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely (SMART) goals are created, and detailed schedules are developed, often using project management software like MS Project.
• The execution phase requires overseeing task completion, resource management, and maintaining communication among team members.
• Closure includes evaluating project performance, documenting lessons learned, and formally closing the project to ensure all objectives are met and stakeholder expectations are satisfied.
• The lifecycle is iterative in complex projects, with feedback loops allowing for adjustments during each phase to accommodate changes or unforeseen issues.

💡 Key Takeaway

The project lifecycle provides a structured, phased approach to managing projects from conception to completion, ensuring systematic progress, resource efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction.

📖 3. Project Management Processes

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Project Management Processes (adapted from PMBOK): Structured series of activities or steps—initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing—that are undertaken to achieve project objectives efficiently and effectively. These processes are iterative and often overlap during project lifecycle phases.

• Process Groups (PMBOK): Categorized sets of project management processes that provide a logical framework for managing projects. The five groups are Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing. Each group contains specific processes that contribute to project success.

• Process Interactions (PMBOK): The dynamic relationships and feedback loops among process groups, where outputs from one process often serve as inputs to another, emphasizing the need for continuous communication and adjustment throughout the project lifecycle.

• Control Processes (PMBOK): Processes within the Monitoring and Controlling group that involve tracking project performance, identifying variances from the plan, and implementing corrective actions to keep the project aligned with its objectives.

• Project Lifecycle vs. Project Management Processes: The project lifecycle refers to the phases of a project (initiation, planning, execution, closure), while project management processes are the activities carried out within and across these phases to ensure project success (see PMBOK).

📝 Essential Points

• Sequential but Overlapping: Although processes are often described sequentially, in practice, they overlap and iterate, especially during planning and execution phases, to adapt to project changes (PMBOK).

• Process Tailoring: The application of project management processes should be tailored to the complexity, size, and nature of the project, ensuring flexibility and relevance (PMBOK).

• Integration of Processes: Effective project management requires integrating all processes to coordinate activities, manage resources, and communicate effectively, which is facilitated by tools like Microsoft Project and other software (source content).

• Focus on Outcomes: Each process aims to produce specific deliverables or outputs, such as project plans, schedules, performance reports, or closure documents, which serve as inputs for subsequent processes (source content).

• Stakeholder Engagement: Processes involve identifying and managing stakeholders' expectations and requirements throughout all phases, ensuring their needs are incorporated into project planning and execution (source content).

💡 Key Takeaway

Project management processes are a structured yet flexible set of activities that guide the successful delivery of projects by ensuring continuous planning, execution, and control, all while adapting to changing project needs and stakeholder expectations.

📖 4. Project Management Software

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to accomplish project objectives, serving as the foundation for scheduling and resource allocation (see features of project management software). It helps visualize and organize tasks at various levels of detail.

• Baseline: A fixed reference point in a project plan, including scope, schedule, and cost, used to compare actual performance against planned performance (see features of project management software). Setting a baseline allows tracking of progress and deviations.

• Critical Path Method (CPM): A project modeling technique that identifies the sequence of dependent tasks with the longest duration, determining the shortest possible project duration and highlighting tasks that directly impact the project finish date (see project planning features). It helps prioritize activities and manage delays.

• Resource Leveling: A process within project management software that adjusts task schedules to resolve resource conflicts and overallocations, ensuring optimal utilization of resources without exceeding capacity (see resource allocation features). It promotes efficient resource management.

• Earned Value Management (EVM): An integrated project performance measurement technique that compares planned work with actual work and costs, providing metrics like Schedule Performance Index (SPI) and Cost Performance Index (CPI) to assess project health (see scope, time, and cost integration). It enables proactive project control.

• Dependency Types: Specific relationships between tasks that define the sequence of activities, including Finish-to-Start (FS), Finish-to-Finish (FF), Start-to-Start (SS), and Start-to-Finish (SF). These dependencies are fundamental in scheduling and are managed within project management software to ensure logical task flow.

📝 Essential Points

• Functionality of Project Management Software: Designed to facilitate planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and change management, enabling visualization of project timelines, tracking progress, and controlling costs (see project management software overview). Features like Gantt charts, network diagrams, and resource management tools are integral.

• Creating and Managing Schedules: Software allows the creation of detailed work breakdown structures, setting task dependencies, and establishing project baselines. It supports automatic and manual scheduling modes, with tools for critical path analysis to identify key tasks affecting project duration.

• Resource and Cost Integration: Project management software links scope, schedule, and cost data, allowing for resource allocation, budget tracking, and performance measurement through earned value management techniques. This integration ensures comprehensive project control.

• Progress Tracking and Reporting: The software provides tools for updating task status, comparing planned versus actual progress, and generating reports for stakeholders. Visual tools like Gantt charts and dashboards facilitate quick assessment of project health.

• Collaboration and Communication: Features such as shared workspaces, real-time updates, and automatic notifications improve team coordination, especially for remote or distributed teams, ensuring everyone stays informed and aligned.

• Advanced Features: Include setting multiple dependencies, resource leveling, handling multiple projects, and portfolio management. These capabilities support complex project environments and strategic decision-making.

💡 Key Takeaway

Project management software is essential for organizing, visualizing, and controlling all aspects of a project, from scope to schedule and costs, thereby enhancing efficiency, collaboration, and project success.

📖 5. Microsoft Project Features

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
A hierarchical decomposition of a project into smaller, manageable components or tasks, forming the basis for scheduling and resource allocation (see section 10). It helps visualize the scope and organize project activities systematically.

Critical Path Method (CPM):
A project modeling technique used to identify the sequence of dependent tasks that determine the minimum project duration. MS Project’s critical path analysis highlights the most crucial tasks to monitor for timely project completion.

Baseline:
A fixed reference point in project planning that captures the original schedule, scope, and costs. MS Project allows setting baselines to compare planned progress against actual performance, facilitating progress tracking and variance analysis.

Scheduling Mode:
The method by which tasks are scheduled in MS Project—either manually or automatically. Automatic scheduling enables the software to calculate start and finish dates based on dependencies and constraints, while manual mode requires user input.

Resource Leveling:
A process to resolve resource conflicts by adjusting task schedules without changing project scope or deadlines. MS Project’s resource leveling feature redistributes workloads to optimize resource utilization and prevent overallocation.

Gantt Chart:
A visual timeline that displays project tasks as bars along a calendar, illustrating start and end dates, durations, dependencies, and milestones. It is the primary view for scheduling and progress tracking in MS Project.

📝 Essential Points

• MS Project enables creation of detailed project plans by defining tasks, durations, dependencies, and constraints, supporting both manual and automatic scheduling modes (see section 10).
• The software integrates scope, time, and cost data through features like WBS, resource allocation, and cost tracking, aligning with project objectives.
• Setting a baseline allows project managers to measure progress, identify variances, and make informed decisions to keep projects on track.
• Critical path analysis helps identify tasks that directly impact project duration, enabling focus on high-priority activities.
• Resource leveling ensures balanced workload distribution, reducing resource conflicts and improving efficiency.
• The Gantt chart provides a clear, visual representation of project timelines, dependencies, and milestones, facilitating communication among stakeholders.
• MS Project supports collaboration through shared project files and real-time updates, essential for remote teams and multi-departmental projects.

💡 Key Takeaway

Microsoft Project is a comprehensive tool that integrates scheduling, resource management, and progress tracking, enabling effective planning and control of construction projects through features like WBS, critical path analysis, and resource leveling.

📖 6. Project Scheduling Techniques

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

Critical Path Method (CPM):
A project scheduling technique developed by Morgan R. Walker and James E. Kelley (1957), which identifies the longest sequence of dependent tasks (the critical path) that determines the minimum project duration. It highlights tasks that cannot be delayed without affecting the overall project timeline.

Float or Slack:
The amount of time a task can be delayed without delaying the project's completion date, as defined by PMBOK. It helps in resource allocation and risk management by identifying flexible tasks.

Dependency Types (Finish-to-Start, Finish-to-Finish, Start-to-Start):
Relationships between tasks that dictate the sequence of activities, crucial for accurate scheduling. For example, Finish-to-Start (FS) means a successor task cannot start until its predecessor finishes.

Schedule Network Analysis:
A process of analyzing task dependencies, durations, and constraints to develop an optimal project schedule, often utilizing techniques like CPM and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT):
A probabilistic project scheduling method introduced by US Navy (1958) that uses optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely durations to estimate project completion times, accommodating uncertainty in activity durations.

📝 Essential Points

• CPM is fundamental for identifying the critical path, which directly influences project duration and scheduling priorities.
• Float or slack allows project managers to optimize resource allocation by understanding task flexibility.
• Properly defining dependency types (FS, FF, SS) is essential for creating realistic and efficient schedules.
• Schedule network analysis involves evaluating task sequences, durations, and constraints to identify the most efficient project timeline.
• PERT complements CPM by incorporating uncertainty, providing probabilistic estimates for project completion, especially useful in complex or innovative projects.
• Both CPM and PERT are often integrated into project management software like Microsoft Project, enabling dynamic schedule adjustments and real-time tracking.

💡 Key Takeaway

Project scheduling techniques such as CPM and PERT are essential tools for identifying critical tasks, managing dependencies, and optimizing project timelines, ensuring efficient resource use and timely project completion.

📖 7. Work Breakdown Structure

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to accomplish project objectives and create deliverables. It organizes and defines the total scope of the project into manageable sections (see PMBOK, 6th edition).

WBS Element:
A specific component or work package within the WBS that represents a definable piece of work, which can be assigned, scheduled, and controlled.

Work Package:
The lowest level of the WBS, representing a task or group of tasks that can be assigned to a responsible party, with defined scope, schedule, and resources.

WBS Dictionary:
A detailed document that accompanies the WBS, providing descriptions, scope, responsible parties, and other relevant details for each WBS element.

Decomposition:
The process of breaking down project deliverables and scope into smaller, more manageable components within the WBS, as advocated by PMBOK (2017).

📝 Essential Points

• The WBS serves as the foundation for project planning, scheduling, and control, enabling clear visualization of project scope (see PMBOK, 6th edition).
• It facilitates effective resource allocation, cost estimation, and progress tracking by breaking down complex projects into smaller, manageable units.
• The WBS should be structured in a way that aligns with the project's deliverables and milestones, ensuring all work is accounted for.
• Each WBS element is associated with specific tasks, costs, and resources, which are detailed further in the WBS dictionary.
• Proper decomposition ensures that each work package is well-defined, achievable, and measurable, reducing scope creep and enhancing project control.
• The WBS is often represented in a tree diagram or outline format, illustrating the hierarchy from broad project objectives to detailed tasks.

💡 Key Takeaway

The Work Breakdown Structure is a critical project management tool that organizes project scope into manageable components, enabling effective planning, execution, and control of construction projects.

📖 8. Project Dependencies

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Finish-to-Start (FS): A dependency where "activity A must finish before activity B can start" (see source). It is the most common type of dependency, ensuring sequential task execution.

• Finish-to-Finish (FF): A dependency where "activity A must finish before activity B can finish" (see source). It indicates that two tasks must be completed around the same time, with one ending after the other.

• Start-to-Start (SS): A dependency where "activity A must start before activity B can start" (see source). It allows tasks to begin simultaneously or with a delay, facilitating parallel activities.

• Dependency Constraints: Limitations or rules that define how tasks relate to each other, such as dependencies, constraints, and constraints' types, which influence project scheduling and sequencing.

• Dependency Types (Authors/Date): According to the source, understanding different dependency types (FS, FF, SS) is crucial for accurate project scheduling, as they determine task relationships and project flow.

📝 Essential Points

• Dependencies establish the logical sequence of tasks within a project, directly impacting scheduling, resource allocation, and project duration.

• The most common dependency is Finish-to-Start (FS), where a successor task cannot begin until its predecessor is complete.

• Finish-to-Finish (FF) dependencies are used when tasks need to be completed simultaneously or within a specific timeframe, often in quality control or review phases.

• Start-to-Start (SS) dependencies enable tasks to run concurrently, which can optimize project timelines but require careful management to avoid conflicts.

• Proper identification and configuration of dependencies are critical for creating realistic schedules, avoiding delays, and ensuring project success.

• Dependency constraints can be modified or overridden with lead or lag times, allowing flexibility in task relationships (see source).

💡 Key Takeaway

Understanding and correctly applying project dependencies (FS, FF, SS) is essential for accurate scheduling, resource management, and ensuring the logical flow of activities in construction projects.

📖 9. Geographic Information Systems

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• GIS (Geographic Information System): A computer-based system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents spatial or geographic data. It integrates hardware, software, and data for mapping and spatial analysis (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Spatial Data: Data that represents the geographic location and shape of objects, features, or phenomena on the Earth's surface. It includes coordinates, topology, and attributes (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Attribute Data: Non-spatial information linked to spatial features, such as population, land use, or material type. It provides descriptive details about spatial features (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Layer: A thematic map element within a GIS that represents a specific type of spatial data (e.g., roads, rivers, buildings). Layers can be overlaid and analyzed together for spatial relationships (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Geoprocessing: The set of operations used to manipulate spatial data within a GIS, including buffering, overlay, clipping, and spatial analysis, to derive new data or insights (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Coordinate System: A framework that defines how spatial data is projected onto the Earth's surface, including geographic (latitude/longitude) and projected coordinate systems (e.g., UTM). It ensures spatial data alignment and accuracy (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

📝 Essential Points

• GIS combines spatial data (geography) with attribute data (descriptive information) to facilitate complex spatial analysis and decision-making (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Spatial data can be stored in various formats such as vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grid cells), each suitable for different types of analysis (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Effective use of GIS in construction and environmental sciences enhances site analysis, resource management, and planning accuracy (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Geoprocessing tools enable the manipulation of spatial data to perform tasks like proximity analysis, overlay, and network analysis, crucial for infrastructure development (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

• Proper selection of coordinate systems and data accuracy are vital for integrating GIS data with other spatial datasets and ensuring reliable analysis results (DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, 2023).

💡 Key Takeaway

GIS is a powerful tool that integrates geographic and attribute data to support spatial analysis, planning, and decision-making in construction, environmental management, and urban planning. Its ability to visualize and analyze spatial relationships enhances project accuracy and efficiency.

📖 10. GIS Data Types and Analysis

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Raster Data: A data type in GIS composed of a grid of cells or pixels, each with a value representing information such as elevation, land cover, or temperature. (SOURCE: Department of Building, University of Lagos)

• Vector Data: A GIS data type that uses points, lines, and polygons to represent spatial features like locations, roads, or boundaries. It is ideal for discrete features with precise shapes. (SOURCE: Department of Building, University of Lagos)

• Attribute Data: Non-spatial data linked to spatial features in GIS, providing descriptive information such as name, type, or other properties. It is stored in tables associated with vector or raster data. (SOURCE: Department of Building, University of Lagos)

• Spatial Analysis: The process of examining the locations, relationships, and patterns of spatial data to answer questions or solve problems, such as proximity, overlay, or network analysis. (SOURCE: Department of Building, University of Lagos)

• Data Layer: A single set of spatial data representing a specific theme or feature (e.g., rivers, roads). Multiple layers can be overlaid to analyze spatial relationships. (SOURCE: Department of Building, University of Lagos)

• Coordinate System: A framework that defines how spatial data is projected onto the earth's surface, including geographic (latitude/longitude) and projected coordinate systems (e.g., UTM). Proper selection is critical for accurate analysis. (SOURCE: Department of Building, University of Lagos)

📝 Essential Points

• GIS data types are primarily classified into raster and vector formats, each suited for different types of spatial information (see key concepts). Raster data is pixel-based, suitable for continuous data; vector data is feature-based, ideal for discrete objects.

• Attribute data enhances spatial features with descriptive information, enabling complex queries and analysis (see attribute data). It is stored separately but linked to spatial features.

• Spatial analysis techniques include overlay, buffer, proximity, and network analysis, which help in decision-making processes such as site selection or resource management.

• Data layers are fundamental in GIS, allowing layered analysis of different thematic information. Proper management of layers and their coordinate systems ensures spatial accuracy.

• Coordinate systems and projections are vital; improper use can lead to distortions or inaccuracies in analysis results.

• GIS analysis relies heavily on the integrity and accuracy of data types, emphasizing the importance of data quality control and proper data collection methods.

💡 Key Takeaway

Understanding the different GIS data types—raster, vector, and attribute—is essential for effective spatial analysis, enabling accurate representation, querying, and decision-making in geographic projects.

📖 11. GIS Mapping and Visualization

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• GIS Mapping: The process of creating spatial representations of geographic data using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enabling visualization of spatial relationships and patterns (source content).
• Spatial Data Visualization: The graphical representation of geographic data layers to interpret spatial information effectively, often through maps, charts, and 3D models (source content).
• Layering in GIS: The technique of stacking multiple data layers (e.g., roads, buildings, terrain) to analyze spatial relationships, with each layer representing a specific data type (source content).
• Coordinate Reference System (CRS): A system that defines how spatial data is projected onto a map, ensuring accurate geographic positioning (source content).
• Symbology: The use of symbols, colors, and patterns in GIS maps to represent different data attributes, facilitating easier interpretation of complex information (source content).
• Visualization Techniques: Methods such as heatmaps, 3D terrain models, and thematic maps used to enhance understanding of spatial data through visual means (source content).

📝 Essential Points

• GIS mapping integrates various spatial data types to produce detailed visual representations that support decision-making in construction, urban planning, and environmental management (source content).
• Effective visualization in GIS involves selecting appropriate layers, symbology, and projection systems to accurately depict geographic phenomena (source content).
• Layer management allows users to analyze relationships such as proximity, overlay, and spatial patterns, critical for site analysis and project planning (source content).
• Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS) are essential for aligning data from different sources, ensuring spatial accuracy across maps and analysis outputs (source content).
• Visualization techniques like heatmaps and 3D terrain models help stakeholders interpret complex data, identify risks, and optimize resource allocation (source content).
• GIS mapping supports dynamic data updates, enabling real-time visualization and monitoring of construction progress, environmental changes, or infrastructure development (source content).

💡 Key Takeaway

GIS mapping and visualization are vital tools that transform complex spatial data into clear, actionable visual insights, enhancing planning, analysis, and decision-making in construction and environmental projects.

📊 Synthesis Tables

⚠️ Common Pitfalls & Confusions

1. Confusing project lifecycle phases with project management processes; lifecycle is the sequence, processes are the activities within phases.
2. Overlooking the importance of dependencies; neglecting FS, SS, FF, SF can lead to scheduling errors.
3. Misinterpreting milestones as project deliverables; milestones mark progress, not outputs.
4. Assuming project management software automates all planning; it requires proper input and understanding.
5. Ignoring risk management; risks must be proactively identified and mitigated, not just documented.
6. Confusing vector and raster data types in GIS; each has specific analysis applications.
7. Underestimating the iterative nature of project processes; processes often overlap and require feedback loops.
8. Misusing WBS; improper decomposition can cause scope creep or missed tasks.
9. Over-reliance on software without understanding underlying concepts like dependencies and critical path.
10. Confusing project objectives with deliverables; objectives define goals, deliverables are outputs.

✅ Exam Checklist

• Know the definition of a project according to PMBOK, emphasizing its temporary and unique nature.
• Be able to describe the project lifecycle phases: Initiation, Planning, Execution, Closure.
• Understand the five project management process groups: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling, Closing.
• Recall key authors and concepts: PMI’s PMBOK Guide, Kerzner’s scheduling techniques, Longley et al. on GIS data types.
• Identify and explain different dependencies: Finish-to-Start (FS), Start-to-Start (SS), Finish-to-Finish (FF), Start-to-Finish (SF).
• Master the features of Microsoft Project, including Gantt charts, dependency linking, and resource allocation.
• Be familiar with Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): purpose, creation, and decomposition principles.
• Understand GIS data types: Vector (points, lines, polygons) and Raster (grid cells), and their analysis applications.
• Know GIS mapping types: Thematic, Topographic, and their visualization techniques.
• Recognize project risks and the importance of risk management strategies.
• Be able to differentiate between project lifecycle phases and project management processes.
• Understand how project scheduling techniques like CPM and PERT are used to develop project timelines.